2. Suppose the hash tables in the two bridges are empty initially. For each of the following sequence of data transmissions, answer whether it leads to a broadcast at B1 or B2: 1) A sends a frame to C. 2) B sends a frame to E. 3) C sends a frame to B. 4) G sends a frame to C. 5) E sends a frame to F. 6) D sends a packet to C. Trans. Broadcast at B1 Broadcast at B2 1 2 3 4 5 6
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- Consider the extended LAN connected using bridges B1 and B2 in Fig. 4-41(b). *figure is attached Suppose the hash tables in the two bridges are initially empty. Describe the actions B1 and B2 will take and how they update their tables for the following sequence of data transmissions a. E sends to A b. F sends to E c. B sends to E2. Simple FEC is a forward error correction scheme for recovering from packet loss in a VolP application. This model creates a redundant chunk by exclusive OR-ing n original chunks and sends it along with the original ones so that the receiver can reconstruct the original n chunks if at-most one chunk is lost throughout the transferring process. Assuming that n = 4 and receiver receives four out of the five chunks sent by the sender in the following way, reconstruct the missing (lost) chunk. • First Chunk: 11101101 • Second Chunk: 01000101 • Third Chunk: lost • Fourth Chunk: 11100010 • Redundant Chunk: 11010000Consider a node called A that sends packets to an adjacent node called B. To control the packet flow to node B, node A employs a credit manager scheme in which parameters C=3(credits), C_max=4(credits) and \tao=6(msec), respectively. node A has an infinite buffer to temporarily store packets. When a packet arrives at node A, node A stores the packet at the bottom of the buffer. Node A also has a single server (transmitter). As soon as the server becomes idle, the server picks up a packet at the head of the buffer, if any, and serves the packet for packet transmission time T_p as far as there remains a credit. (The packet transmission time T_p = 4 (msec).) We observed the arrival times of the first 12 packets, denoted by aA(1)⋯A(12), which were as follows: n A(n) 1 0.5 msec 2 1.0 3 1.5 4 2.0 5 4.5 6 5.5 7 6.5 8 12.5 9 13.0 10 13.5 11 14.0 12 14.6 1. Let R(n) denote the departure time of the n th packet from the buffer for n∈{1,2,...}. Find R(n) for…
- 1. It is a protocol for encapsulating data packets that use one routing protocol inside the packets of another protocol. 2. It is a hash function that has been deprecated for uses other than as a non-cryptographic checksum to verify data integrity and detect unintentional data corruption. 3. An algorithm which is a pseudorandom function family in that it can easily generate arbitrary portions of the keystream without having to start from the beginning. 4. What is the most popular and widely implemented flavor of STP? 5. An algorithm that comprises of a series of linked operations, some of which involve replacing inputs by specific outputs (substitutions) and others involve shuffling bits around (permutations). 6. It is calculated using port cost values associated with port speeds for each switch port along a given path in STP 7. A proprietary architecture that authenticates users and devices using the identity-enabled network approach, and enables the government workforce to connect…Say you are given a hash function that produces a 224-bit digest, along with a message digest d. Using random guessing, how long would you expect it to take to find a preimage? Say you are given a 224-bit hash function as in the previous question. Using random guessing, roughly how long should it take to find two messages with the same digest?When Bob wants to send Alice a message M on the Internet, he breaks M into n data packets, numbers the packets consecutively, and injects them into the network. When the packets arrive at Alice’s computer, they may be out of order, so Alice must assemble the sequence of n packets in order before she can be sure she has the entire message. Describe an efficient scheme for Alice to do this. What is the running time of this algorithm? From Data Structures and Algorithms C-7.56
- In a bit-oriented link-layer protocol, the start and end of a frame are each marked by a flag, which is a sequence of exactly 6 consecutive 1 bits. Bit stuffing is used during the rest of the frame: after sending 5 consecutive 1 bits, a 0 is added. The bits below contain an example frame, with the leftmost bit received first. The content of the frame is a sequence of bytes, sent most significant bit first. Put the values of the first four bytes of the frame content, in order, in the four answer boxes below. You may enter the values in either decimal (e.g. 76, 123) or hexadecimal (e.g. 2a, f7). 00101011111010001111110011100111110000111101111101010110100010010011111101101100100 57−240−123−229ASN.1 is an ISO standard used in many internet‑related protocols, especially those in the area of network management. In ASN.1, BER (Basic Encoding Rule) uses a so‑called TLV (Type, Length, Value) approach to encoding data for transmission. According to this BER encoding rule, what would be the encoding of {weight, 178} {lastname, “Philips”}?Describe the working of recursive and iterative queries in DNS. Use figures for the description. A file of F = 3 x 105 bits is distributed to N peers. The server has an upload rate of us = 1 x 105 bps. Each peer has a download rate of di = 1 x 105 bps and an upload rate of u = 30,000 bps. For N = 1 to 10, and for both client-server and P2P architectures, plot a single graph with minimum distribution time on the y-axis and N on the x-axis. Use a table to show all the values for N = 1 to 10 and use the values to plot the graph. Clearly show the calculation only for N = 1, 2, and 3. Explain at least one P2P application (BitTorrent or DHT) in detail.
- 3. Consider the arrangement of learning bridges shown in the following figure: B1 C sends to A. C sends to D. A sends to D. B3 B2 B4 Assuming all are initially empty, give the forwarding tables for each of the bridges B1 to B4 after the following transmissions: Identify ports with the unique neighbor reached directly from that port; that is, the ports for B1 are to he labeled "A" and "B2"c) Assume that the Go-Back-N ARQ protocol is being used with a window size of 20. Let Frame 12 has already been acknowledged by the receiver and the acknowledgement has reached the sender of Frame 12. Then Frame 13 has been lost on the way. Before REJ 13 reached the sender, the sender has sent Frame 14, 15, 16, and 17. How many frames does the sender need to retransmit? Answer:In modern packet-switched networks, including the Internet, the source host segments long, application-layer messages (for example, an image or a music file) into smaller packets and sends the packets into the network. The receiver then reassembles the packets back into the original message. We refer to this process as message segmentation. Figure 1.27 illustrates the end-to-end transport of a message with and without message segmentation. Consider a message that is 8. 106 bits long that is to be sent from source to destination in Figure 1.27. Suppose each link in the figure is 2 Mbps. Ignore propagation, queuing, and processing delays. a. Consider sending the message from source to destination without message segmentation. How long does it take to move the message from the source host to the first packet switch? Keeping in mind that each switch uses store-and-forward packet switching, what is the total time to move the message from source host to destination host? b. Now suppose that…