4. Indicate whether each of the following conditions would increase or decrease the rate of glycogenolysis in the liver: a/low blood glucose level b/ secretion of insulin c/ secretion of glucagon 5. Indicate whether each of the following conditions would increase or decrease the rate of glycogenesis in the liver: a/low blood glucose level b/ secretion of insulin c/secretion of glucagon 6. Indicate whether each of the following conditions would increase or decrease the rate of gluconeogenesis in the liver and kidneys: a/ high blood glucose level b/ secretion of insulin c/ secretion of glucagon 7. Indicate whether each of the following conditions would increase or decrease the rate of glycolysis: a/high blood glucose level b/ secretion of insulin c/secretion of glucagon

4. Indicate whether each of the following conditions would increase or decrease the rate of glycogenolysis in the liver: a/low blood glucose level b/ secretion of insulin c/ secretion of glucagon 5. Indicate whether each of the following conditions would increase or decrease the rate of glycogenesis in the liver: a/low blood glucose level b/ secretion of insulin c/secretion of glucagon 6. Indicate whether each of the following conditions would increase or decrease the rate of gluconeogenesis in the liver and kidneys: a/ high blood glucose level b/ secretion of insulin c/ secretion of glucagon 7. Indicate whether each of the following conditions would increase or decrease the rate of glycolysis: a/high blood glucose level b/ secretion of insulin c/secretion of glucagon

Ebk:Nutrition & Diet Therapy

10th Edition

ISBN:9780357391747

Author:DEBRUYNE

Publisher:DEBRUYNE

Chapter21: Carbohydrate- Controlled Diets For Diabetes Mellitus

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 6SC

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5. In peripheral insulin resistance (a characteristic metabolic abnormality is pre-diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes), peripheral tissue cells, including liver, muscles and adipose, become resistant to insulin (cells respond less to insulin, and insulin action is decreased). A. Explain how the metabolism of glucose, amino acids and fatty acids will be altered in liver, muscles and adipose tissues after ingesting a typical meal consisting of carbohydrates, fats and protein (during the absorptive or fed state) in patients with insulin resistance (explain how the major metabolic pathways of glucose, amino acids and fatty acids during the absorptive state will be impaired in liver, muscles, and adipose in insulin resistance disorder). B. How will the plasma glucose levels change during the absorptive (fed) state in insulin resistance?
5. There is an expression: diabetes mellitus is «hunger among abundance. What metabolic changes in diabetes confirm the validity of this statement? For answer: 9.8. Metabolic Changes in Diabetes Mellitus 535 a) list the main causes of metabolic changes in IDDM; b) enumerate the tissues with the main energy sources metabolism procceding according to this type of starvation; c) name the metabolic pathways that are activated and inhibited in these tissues, and explain why; d) list the symptoms of diabetes mellitus, that reflect such metabolic changes; c) draw a diagram of one of the mctabolic pathways that is activated in the liver under these conditions and explain the consequences of such activation.
2. Enlist some of the conditions that can be observed due to hyposecretion of insulin.
5. Describe differences between Type I and Type II diabetes. Also, what is the "glucagon paradox" as it relates to diabetes. 6. Which blood profile would best be associated with a patient with early stages of Type II diabetes (see question 5 on glucagon paradox) a. High glucose, high insulin, high glucagon b. Low glucose, high insulin, high glucagon c. High glucose, low insulin, high glucagon d. High glucose, high insulin, low glucagon 7. If you have an alpha islet tumor, explain what your expected relative levels of glucose, insulin, and glucagon.
1a. Type II Diabetes involves the development of insulin resistance (i.e. a dampening of the metabolic response to insulin). Describe the metabolic effects of such resistance. 1b. What would the likely metabolic effects be of a person being hypersensitive to insulin?
1. Indicate the effect of insulin and glucagon on the following metabolic processes. Write INCREASE or DECREASE. INSULIN GLUCAGON Glycolysis Glycogenesis Glycogenolysis Lipolysis Lipogenesis Gluconeogenesis Protein synthesis Proteolysis Glucose uptake Glucose release 1. 11. 2. 12. 3. 13. 4. 14. 5. 15. 16. 6. 7. 17. 18. 9. 19. 10. 20. II. Indicate whether the following metabolic processes primarily occur during the FED STATE or FASTED STATE, 1. Release of insulin 2. Release of glucagon 3. Glycolysis 4. Glycogenesis 5. Gluconeogenesis 6. Lipogenesis 7. Glycogenolysis 8. Lipolysis 9. Glucose release 10. Glucose uptake
8. Ketone bodies were found in the urine of the patient with diabetes mellitus. Explain the sequence of metabolic changes resulting in ketonuria. For that answer the question and do the following tasks: a) what are the ranges of ketone bodics in blood of the healthy pcople and the patients with diabetes mellitus? b) explain the main changes in hormonal regulation of patient with diabetes mellitus; c) explain why the level of free fatty acids in the blood is clevated; d) name the pathways of lipid metabolism which becomes more active in patients with diabetes mellitus; e) draw the scheme of ketone body synthesis and oxidation.
1. Where is insulin synthesised and in what form is it stored in the body?2. Describe the mechanism of release of insulin into the bloodstream.
11. What roles do ectopic fat, inflammation, and mitochondrial dysfunction have on the pathogenesis of T2DM? 12. Which fat cells tend to be more insulin sensitive, large or small? Knowing this, how do TZDS a drug that rearranged fat cells – help to treat T2DM?
1. Explain the process and main pathways of steroid hormones synthesis in relation to cholesterol metabolism. 2. Describe three important health disorders or diseases related to abnormal cholesterol metabolism.
1. Which of the following accurately compares the role of glucagon and insulin in regulating blood glucose levels? a. Glucagon stimulates organs and tissues to increase their uptake of glucose, whereas insulin stimulates organs and tissues to release glucose. b. The primary function of both glucagon and insulin is to facilitate the uptake of glucose into body cells. c. Glucagon stimulates organs and tissues to release glucose, whereas insulin stimulates organs and tissues to increase their uptake of glucose. d. Glucagon reduces blood glucose levels via glycolysis, whereas insulin increases blood glucose levels via glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis.
Discuss the importance of performing chemical tests for reducing sugars in the detection of Diabetes Mellitus and other diseases of carbohydrate metabolism?