(6a) Please draw a phylogeny that shows relationships between the following groups: Haikouicthys Ostracoderms Chimaeras Hagfishes Lancelets Lampreys Placoderms Tunicates Sharks Bony Fishes (6b) Onto this phylogeny, please place the following traits. You may have a trait evolve more than once or be lost in some groups after evolving, but the final trait placements should correctly reflect which groups are known to have the trait in question Jaws Buccopharyngeal pumping Internal fertilization Mineralized tissue Pelvic claspers in males Hyostylic jaw articulation Lateral line system Cartilaginous endoskeleton Hox Gene Duplication Two nostrils (6c) For three of these traits, please explain how you arrived at this placement

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Animal Phylogeny

Cladistics is a method of biological classification where organisms are classified based on their ancestors and their relationship with them. It is defined as the concepts and methods for determining the branching patterns of evolution and evolutionary history. Some scientists, however, have preferred the term phylogenetic systematics or phylogenetic taxonomy to emphasize the reliance on a phylogeny for classification. It is the most common and accepted method for classifying organisms.