8. Circle the choice that best describes the statements or answers the questions below. Multiple answers may apply. 1. What is the role of the salt (NaCl) in the DNA extraction procedure a. assists in the denaturation and removal of histone proteins and exposes DNA b. neutralizes the charges on the sugar- phosphate backbone of th DNA molecule making the molecule less hydrophilic, and theree less soluble in water c. enables the DNA to be precipitated from solution upon addition alcohol d. changes the pH of the solution e. destroys the integrity of the DNA and cuts it in smaller pieces so it can be dissolved in water 2. What role does the dish washing soap play in the procedure? a. Washes away dirt and other debris not needed in the experiment. b. It disrupts the cell membrane phospholipids releasing membrane proteins and liberating DNA into the solution. c. Disinfects microorganisms to avoid contamination of the fruit DN d. Soaps are made of fats that will bind to the cells of the fruit so tha they separate the cells from the others. Why is alcohol used to separate the Chromosomes/DNA from the Jution? a. DNA hydrophobic so they move towards the alcohol b. Alcohol and water do not mix, thus making the DNA easily separated. c. Alcohol was chilled, DNA is attracted to low temperature. d. DNA is not soluble in alcohol.
Molecular Techniques
Molecular techniques are methods employed in molecular biology, genetics, biochemistry, and biophysics to manipulate and analyze nucleic acids (deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA)), protein, and lipids. Techniques in molecular biology are employed to investigate the molecular basis for biological activity. These techniques are used to analyze cellular properties, structures, and chemical reactions, with a focus on how certain molecules regulate cellular reactions and growth.
DNA Fingerprinting and Gel Electrophoresis
The genetic makeup of living organisms is shown by a technique known as DNA fingerprinting. The difference is the satellite region of DNA is shown by this process. Alex Jeffreys has invented the process of DNA fingerprinting in 1985. Any biological samples such as blood, hair, saliva, semen can be used for DNA fingerprinting. DNA fingerprinting is also known as DNA profiling or molecular fingerprinting.
Molecular Markers
A known DNA sequence or gene sequence is present on a chromosome, and it is associated with a specific trait or character. It is mainly used as a genetic marker of the molecular marker. The first genetic map was done in a fruit fly, using genes as the first marker. In two categories, molecular markers are classified, classical marker and a DNA marker. A molecular marker is also known as a genetic marker.
DNA Sequencing
The most important feature of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) molecules are nucleotide sequences and the identification of genes and their activities. This the reason why scientists have been working to determine the sequences of pieces of DNA covered under the genomic field. The primary objective of the Human Genome Project was to determine the nucleotide sequence of the entire human nuclear genome. DNA sequencing selectively eliminates the introns leading to only exome sequencing that allows proteins coding.
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