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Bond Parameters
Many factors decide the covalent bonding between atoms. Some of the bond parameters are bond angle, bond order, enthalpy, bond length, etc. These parameters decide what kind of bond will form in atoms. Hence it is crucial to understand these parameters in detail and understand how changing these parameters affects the kind of bonding or various characteristics.
Bond Dissociation Energy
The tendency of an atom to attract an electron is known as its electronegativity.
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- 2. Answer parts a-e using the skeletal structure of the molecule shown below. NE # NC=N; + NÁ a. Add all implied hydrogen atoms to the skeletal structure. b. How many tetrahedral carbons are in the molecule? What hybridization do tetrahedral carbon atoms have? c. Consider the bond marked by *. Based on what you know about electronegativity trends, which atom in the bond is more electron rich? Draw a dipole arrow pointing toward the more electron rich atom. d. Label each N atom with its hybridization (sp, sp², or sp³). Based on the hybridization that you assigned, what atomic orbitals does each N atom possess? (Hint: Each atom should always have 4 atomic orbitals.) NA atomic orbitals NB atomic orbitals Ne atomic orbitals ND atomic orbitals e. Consider the lone pair on each nitrogen atoms. What atomic or hybridized atomic orbital holds each lone pair (sp, sp², sp³, s, or p)? Lone pair on N₁ held by Lone pair on NB held by Lone pair on ND held byA. Hydrocarbons Alkanes 1. CHA (methane) Projection Drawing: Perspective Drawing: a. Predict the angle around HCH bond. 109° 28 b. Name of geometry.Tetrhedral -2. CH3CH3 (ethane) Projection Drawing: Perspective Drawing: / エ a. Predict the angle around HCH bond. 109° 28' b. Predict the angle around HCC bond エーJーエ エエ エPredict the geometry around each indicated atom. a. CH;CH2CH2CH3 e. CH3-C-oH C. b. (CHa)2N d. BF f. (CH3)3N
- B. Cycloalkanes 1) Construct a model of the cyclic alkane: cyclopentane (C5H₁0). Because the five carbon atoms are locked in a ring, rotation about the single bonds is restricted; the plane of the ring a fixed geometry within the molecule. Toggle between full Lewis structures and skeletal structures by clicking the C-H tool. Model 1: Use the solid wedge tool to attach a methyl group to each of two different carbon atoms in the cyclopentane. Note the five carbons of the ring are in the plane of the paper, and the solid wedge indicates both methyls project forward, in front of the plane of the paper. Model 2: Use the solid wedge tool to attach first methyl group to one of two different carbon atoms in the cyclopentane, and use the dashed wedge tool to attach the second. Note the solid wedge indicates that one methyl projects forward, in front of the plane of the paper. The dashed wedge indicates the other methyl extends back, behind the plane of the paper. Click the broom to tidy up the…. Draw a Lewis Structure for each of the following. Identify the bond angles Bent (B), Linear (L), Trigonal Planar (Pla), Tetrahedral (Tet), Trigonal Pyramidal (Pyr) a. CH2C12 . and molecular geometry . circle one: BL Pla Tet Pyr circle one: 90° 109° 120° 180° b. H2CO. . .. circle one: BL Pla Tet Pyr circle one: 90° 109° 120° 180° c. H2S. .. . circle one: B L Pla Tet Pyr circle one: 90° 109° 120° 180° d. NF3 . . . . .ircle one: BL Pla Tet Pyr ......... circle one: 90° 109° 120° 180° e. NO2 - (nitrite). .... circle one: BL Pla Tet Pyr circle one: 90° 109° 120° 180°5) Label the approximate hybridization of each carbon atom. Draw in any missing lone pairs. A. histamine B. acetaminophen C. y-hydroxybutryic acid Н. N N H -NH₂ sor H-O H-N 0-4
- Choose two (2) of the three possible compounds and answer questions 1-4 for each of your chosen compounds: Compound A: CH2S Compound B: RnCl4 Compound C: HSIN 1. Draw the Lewis Dot structure 2. Determine the electron and molecular geometry 3. Determine the hybridization of the central atom. 4. Draw the atomic orbital diagram and the hybridized orbital diagram of the central atom (these are the energy levels and not the orbital shapes).10. Which element has the electron configuration 1s² 2s²2p³? C. S d. Cl 11. How many hydrogen atoms are connected to the indicated carbon atom? a. O b. F a. one b. two c. three 12. Which of the following is the correct condensed structure for the following compound? H H H H H H H H-C C -C C -C C C -H HC H H Br H H H H a. CH₂C(CH3)₂CH₂CH₂(CH)BrC(CH3)2 b. CH3CH₂CH3CCH₂CH₂C(CH3)2CHBr c. (CH3)3CCH₂CH₂CH₂BrCHCH3CH3 d. four e. none H 2 d. CH3CH₂CH₂CCH₂CH₂CHBrCHCH₂CH3 e. (CH3)3CCH₂CH₂CHBRCH(CH3)2Part G. Molecules with Oxygen and Nitrogen. Organic molecules often contain the elements oxygen and nitrogen. Construct a model with the molecular formula C5H12O where the oxygen is bonded to one hydrogen. When a hydrogen is bonded to an oxygen or nitrogen, you need to draw that bond in a bond-line structure. Draw the bond-line structure of this model. What is the molecular geometry of oxygen in your structure? Draw three more constitutional isomers with the molecular formula C5H12O where the oxygen is bonded to one hydrogen. Structure Structure Structure Draw three more constitutional isomers with the molecular formula C5H12O where the oxygen is bonded to two carbon atoms. Structure Structure Structure
- CH3+ and CH3- are two highly reactive carbon species. a. What is the predicted hybridization and geometry around each carbon atom? b. Two electrostatic potential plots are drawn for these species. Which ion corresponds to which diagram and why?Predict the approximate bond angles for a. the C¬N¬C bond angle in (CH3)2N + H2. b. the C¬N¬H bond angle in CH3CH2NH2. c. the H¬C¬N bond angle in (CH3)2NH. d. the H¬C¬O bond angle in CH3OCH3.I. H C/C Br F Is this molecule polar, and if so, then what is the direction of the polarity vector? Yes; towards the direction of H No; this molecule is non-polar. Yes; towards the direction of F and Cl Yes; towards the direction of F and Br Yes; towards the direction of F Yes; towards the direction of Br Yes; towards the direction of Br and Cl Yes; towards the direction of Cl