A) B) O D) 2 Glycolysis is the process where cells split the sugar glucose to make 2 ATP. Both prokaryotes and eukaryotes carry out glycolysis. Where (what location) does glycolysis occur in the eukaryotic cell pictured here? 5 9 11 11 GIVE SOLE 9 10 10 8 14
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Oogenesis
The formation of the ovum (mature female gamete) from undifferentiated germ cells is called oogenesis. This process takes place in the ovaries (female gonads). Oogenesis consists of three stages known as the multiplication phase, growth phase, and maturation phase.
Cell Division
Cell division involves the formation of new daughter cells from the parent cells. It is a part of the cell cycle that takes place in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms. Cell division is required for three main reasons:
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- We have discussed the aerobic metabolism of glucose extensively in this class. To capture and use the energy in glucose to make ATP, we must utilize 4 different sequential pathways/steps. Starting with one glucose molecule and eventually ending with CO, H;O and ATP, list the 4 pathways/steps in order and tell me what molecules enter each pathway, and what the final products of each pathway are. Edit View Insert Format Tools Table 12pt v Paragraph v BIUAv ev Tov : IYou identified a mutant yeast whose glycolytic pathway is shorter due to the presence of a new enzyme catalysing the following reaction: Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate + H2O + NAD+ → 3-phosphoglycerate + NADH + H+ What would the effect of this mutation have on this mutant yeast’s ability to grow under i) aerobic, and ii) anaerobic conditions?You identified a mutant yeast whose glycolytic pathway is shorter due to the presence of a new enzyme catalysing the following reaction: Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate + H2O + NAD+ → 3-phosphoglycerate + NADH + H+ What would the effect of this mutation have on this mutant yeast’s ability to grow under i) anaerobic conditions?
- In the presence of oxygen, the mitochondrion in yeast is used for aerobic respiration,however, under anaerobic conditions,the yeast mitochondria have been found to have other function. Identify and briefly discuss four of these functionsWhile the conversion of glucose (Glc) to pyrucate (Pyr) is shared across all domains of life, the route to get there can differ dramatically. In some Archaea, for example, some of the key steps in glycolysis differ. One example of this is the conversion of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (GAP) to 3-phosphoglycerate (3PG). Instead of the two-step process catalyzed by GAPDH and PGK: GAPDH GAP + Pi + NAD+ -----> BGP + NADH PGK BGP + ADP <-----> 3PG + ATP The archaeal pathway utilizes the enzyme non-phosporylating glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPN) to catalyze the metabolically irreversible step shown below: GAPN GAP + NADP+ ---> BGP + NADPH In bacteria and eukaryotes, GAPDH/PGK are not regulated via allosteric activation or inhibition. Do you imagine this is the same for GAPN? Why or why not?While the conversion of glucose (Glc) to pyrucate (Pyr) is shared across all domains of life, the route to get there can differ dramatically. In some Archaea, for example, some of the key steps in glycolysis differ. One example of this is the conversion of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (GAP) to 3-phosphoglycerate (3PG). Instead of the two-step process catalyzed by GAPDH and PGK: GAPDH GAP + Pi + NAD+ -----> BGP + NADH PGK BGP + ADP <-----> 3PG + ATP The archaeal pathway utilizes the enzyme non-phosporylating glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPN) to catalyze the metabolically irreversible step shown below: GAPN GAP + NADP+ ---> BGP + NADPH In terms of the ΔGrxn, why is the GAPDH+PGK process reversible but the GAPN process is not?
- How much ATP is made available to the cell from a single glucose molecule by the operation of (1) glycolysis, (2) the formation of acetyl CoA, (3) the citric acid cycle, and (4) the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis?Where does each of these processes take place in a eukaryotic cell?You inoculate two test tubes with the same amount of identical growth medium and with the same number of identical yeast cells and grow these cells under identical conditions except for the presence or absence of oxygen. b) The cells of both cultures convert glucose to pyruvate via glycolysis, and then further metabolize pyruvate. Are the cells of both cultures able to obtain the same amount of ATP from glycolysis? Explain. Under anaerobic conditions, the carbon from pyruvate will ultimately be found in which molecule? Under aerobic conditions, the carbon from pyruvate will ultimately be found in which molecule?What metabolic products are formed from pyruvate in each case: a) anaerobic conditions in the body b) anaerobic conditions in yeast c) aerobic conditions
- How many net ATPs can a eukaryotic cell generate in the TCA cycle from the products of one molecule of glucose? a)1 b)2 c)3 d)4 e) 34Aerobic respiration, used by the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells, is best represented by which of the following balanced equations? 6CO2 + 12H2S g C6H12O6 + 6S2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O g 6CO2 + 12H2O C12H22O11 + H2O g C6H12O6 + C6H12O6 6CO2 + 12H2O g C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + C6H12O6 g C12H22O11 + H2OArchae are the source of many enzymes used for biocatalysis in diverse industries such as food and feed, pharmaceuticals, detergent, and beverage industries. These enzymes have unique structural and functional properties that enable use under extreme conditions. Use: https://biolres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40659-018-0186-3 for supplemental info What are three classes of extremophiles and their unique growth characteristics? Based on these characteristics, where are they typically found? The functional properties are linked to protein structural characteristics that imparts unique functional properties. For alkaliphiles and thermophiles, what structural elements (or characteristics) within the enzyme structure create these unique properties? See Table 2. Briefly discuss how the unique properties of these enzymes may be beneficial to the design of bioseparation processes. To recover intracellular enzymes, the Archae need to be lysed. Based on their structures,…