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- Prove the choice problem variant is NP-complete; Exists a spanning tree with a goal cost c for a graph G and a vertex's maximum payment?A Vertex Cover of an undirected graph G is a subset of the nodes of G,such that every edge of G touches one of the selected nodes.The VERTEX-COVER problem is to decide if a graph G has a vertex cover of size k.VERTEX-COVER = { <G,k> | G is an undirected graph with a k-node vertex cover }The VC3 problem is a special case of the VERTEX-COVER problem where the value of k is fixed at 3.VERTEX-COVER 3 = { <G> | G is an undirected graph with a 3-node vertex cover }Use parts a-b below to show that Vertex-Cover 3 is in the class P.a. Give a high-level description of a decider for VC3.A high-level description describes an algorithmwithout giving details about how the machine manages its tape or head.b. Show that the decider in part a runs in deterministic polynomial time.Part 2: Random GraphsA tournament T is a complete graph whose edges are all oriented. Given a completegraph on n vertices Kn, we can generate a random tournament by orienting each edgewith probability 12 in each direction.Recall that a Hamiltonian path is a path that visits every vertex exactly once. AHamiltonian path in a directed graph is a path that follows the orientations of thedirected edges (arcs) and visits every vertex exactly once. Some directed graphs havemany Hamiltonian paths.In this part, we give a probabilistic proof of the following theorem:Theorem 1. There is a tournament on n vertices with at least n!2n−1 Hamiltonian paths.For the set up, we will consider a complete graph Kn on n vertices and randomlyorient the edges as described above. A permutation i1i2 ...in of 1,2,...,n representsthe path i1 −i2 −···−in in Kn. We can make the path oriented by flipping a coin andorienting each edge left or right: i1 ←i2 →i3 ←···→in.(a) How many permutations of the vertices…
- Let the graph G be a cycle of n nodes in which x edges have the weight 100 and y edges have weight 200. How many minimum spanning trees does G have?Consider a connected graph G with at least 4 edges that has all distinct edge weights. Which of the following properties must be true of a Minimum Spanning Tree (MST) of G? I. The MST must contain the shortest edge of G. II. The MST must contain the second-shortest edge of G. III. The MST can never contain the longest edge of G. None I Only I and II Only I and III Only O1, II, and IIIGiven an undirected graph G = (V, E), a vertex cover is a subset of V so that every edge in E has at least one endpoint in the vertex cover. The problem of finding a minimum vertex cover is to find a vertex cover of the smallest possible size. Formulate this problem as an integer linear programming problem.
- Consider a connected graph G with at least 4 edges that has all distinct edge weights. Which of the following properties must be true of a Minimum Spanning Tree (MST) of G? I. The MST must contain the shortest edge of G. II. The MST must contain the second-shortest edge of G. III. The MST can never contain the longest edge of G. O None OI Only OI and II Only I and III Only OI, II, and III5. Fleury's algorithm is an optimisation solution for finding a Euler Circuit of Euler Path in a graph, if they exist. Describe how this algorithm will always find a path or circuit if it exists. Describe how you calculate if the graph is connected at each edge removal. Fleury's Algorithm: The algorithm starts at a vertex of v odd degree, or, if the graph has none, it starts with an arbitrarily chosen vertex. At each step it chooses the next edge in the path to be one whose deletion would not disconnect the graph, unless there is no such edge, in which case it picks the remaining edge (a bridge) left at the current vertex. It then moves to the other endpoint of that edge and adds the edge to the path or circuit. At the end of the algorithm there are no edges left ( or all your bridges are burnt). (NOTE: Please elaborate on the answer and explain. Please do not copy-paste the answer from the internet or from Chegg.)(a) Let Ge (v, E) be an undinected let each edge e e E have weight weightle), and suppese all edge weights Then, the edge of minimum weight in connected graph, IVI >3 and are diffesent. Let T be a minimum spanning tree in. G. G must belang to T. an undirected graph G=(V,E), IVI ン3, has connect are minimum spanning tree, then all the edge weights unique よ5ferent. FOLLOWING STATEMET PROOF THE Oe SHOW A COUNTEREXAMPLE
- The following solution designed from a problem-solving strategy has been proposed for finding a minimum spanning tree (MST) in a connected weighted graph G: Randomly divide the vertices in the graph into two subsets to form two connected weighted subgraphs with equal number of vertices or differing by at most Each subgraph contains all the edges whose vertices both belong to the subgraph’s vertex set. Find a MST for each subgraph using Kruskal’s Connect the two MSTs by choosing an edge with minimum wight amongst those edges connecting Is the final minimum spanning tree found a MST for G? Justify your answer.You are given a simple connected undirected graph with N nodes(or vertices) for computing a Minimum Spanning Tree (MST) of the graph. Write down the upper and lower bound of the possible number of edges of that MST. Now consider the same for a “simple disconnected undirected graph”. What is the lower and upper bound now?Draw a connected graph with 7 nodes and 10 edges which has no cutnode nor bridge. Find by the use of reduction algorithm the number of spanning trees in this graph.