A homogenous product is produced by two rival firms. The firms have the same costs. The demand faced by Firm 1 is: Q1 = 40 – P1 + ½P2 %3D The demand faced by Firm 2 is: Q2 = 40 – P2 + 2P1 The firms' total cost equations are: TC1 = 50Q1 TC2 = 50Q2 a. Show that if the firms collude to maximize joint profits, setting P1 = P2, then the outcome will be the monopoly solution. Each firm's output and profit will be half of the amounts found in question la. %3D
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- Suppose two firms, Firm A and Firm B, are competing by setting quantities (Cournot competition). Firm A has a constant marginal cost of $10 per unit; Firm B has a constant marginal cost of $15 per unit. Assume fixed costs are equal to 0 for both firms. Hint: since fixed costs are zero and the marginal cost is constant, MC = AC. The two firms choose between producing 50 units or 100 units. If the total output is 100 units, the price is $20 per unit; if total output is 150 units, the price is $15 per unit; if total output is 200 units, the price is $10 per unit. Based on the information provided, fill in the firms’ profits in the payoff matrix below with Firm A choosing the row and Firm B choosing the column. QB=100 QB=50 QA=100 , , QA=50 , , The resulting equilibrium is for Firm A to produce ____ (50 or 100)units and Firm B to produce_____ (50 or 100) units.Suppose we have two identical firms A and B, selling identical products. They are the only firms in the market and compete by choosing prices at the same time. The Market demand curve is given by P=281-6Q. The only cost is a constant marginal cost of $14. Suppose both firms choose the collusion price and split the resulting market quantity equally. If Firm A lowers their price by $1 while Firm B continues to post the collusion price, what is the change in Firm A's revenues from the change in their price? Enter a number only, no $ sign. Include a negative sign if revenue decreases. 1,643.1= Consider two firms, firm 1 and firm 2, facing the demand curve P = 24 - 2Q, where Q = Q₁ + Q₂. The firms' cost functions are C₁(Q₁) = Q² and C₂(Q₂) = 2Q². Derive the reaction functions if the firms behave non-cooperatively. a. b. C. d. e. What is each firm's Cournot-Nash-Equilibrium output and profit if they behave non-cooperatively? Draw the firms' reaction functions and show the equilibrium. Suppose that both firms have entered the industry as a cartel. What is the joint profit-maximising level of output? How much will each firm produce? How much is the profit of each firm? Compare and explain graphically each firm's Cournot-Nash-Equilibrium output with their new output where firm 2 chooses its output first. Put firm 1's output on the horizontal axis and firm 2's on the vertical axis. (Note: No calculation is required.)
- In a Cournot duopoly model, the market demand curve is given by P 100 - yI - y2- !! where y, is the amount of output firm 1 produces and y2 is firm 2's level of output. The cost function of firm 1 is c(y1) 75 +8y1. The cost function of firm 2 is c(y2) = 100 +12y2. %3D The reaction function of firm 1 is y1 = -0.5y2- The reaction function of firm 2 is y2 = -0.5y1- In the Cournot equilibrium, firm 2 produces units of output and makes a producer surplus of $Consider a Cournot oligopoly with n = 2 firms. Firm 1 cost function is TC₁ (9₁) = 20 + 12q₁ + q², while firm 2 cost function is TC₂ (9₂) = 50 +8q2 + q2 . The total market demand is P(Q) = 50 — 2Q, where Q is the total quantity produced by all (active) firms in the industry. a- Compute the Cournot equilibrium total quantity, price, quantity for each firm, and profit for each firm. Which firm is making higher profits? b- Consider the situation in which a third firm (firm 3) enters the market. What is the total equilibrium quantity, price, quantity and profit for each firm if TC3 = TC₁? [hint: q₁ and q3 will be the same, since 1 and 3 are identical] c- How would your answer at point b change if instead TC3 = TC₂? Would consumers prefer firm 3 to enter with the total cost of firm 1 or firm 2? d- What would be the highest one-time cost that firm 3 would be willing to pay to enter the market and then compete in a Cournot game with total cost equal to firm 1?Suppose oil production in the Gulf of Mexico was a symmetric horizontal oligopoly in Cournot competition. Assume there are two producers, each with a constant marginal cost of production of $50 per barrel. Let the demand function for oil in the region be D(p) = 12000 – 20p, where demand is measured in barrels per day. (You will need to calculate inverse demand from demand before moving on). What would the perfectly competitive equilibrium price and quantity be? What would be the consumer surplus and producer surplus? Draw each firm’s residual inverse demand curve. Calculate the Cournot-Nash equilibrium price and quantity. What is the total consumer surplus, total producer surplus across the two firms, and deadweight loss?
- Two firms sell substitutable products; the market price is: P = 90-Q, where Q Q₁ + Q2 is the total market quantity, which consists of Q1₁ (the quantity produced by Firm 1) and Q2 (the quantity produced by Firm 2). The firms choose their quantities simultaneously. Firm 1's costs are C₁ 6Q₁ + Q². Firm 2's costs are C₂ = Q². = O Which is the payoff function for Firm 2? O π₂ = 90Q₂ - 2 Which is the best response function for Firm 1? O π₂ = 90Q₂ - Q²². πT2 π₂ = 45 - Q² Q₁ Q₂₁ 2 O π₂ = 45 - 1²/20₁². Q₁ Q₁ 3 = 16. ²/Q²-Q₁2. = 32- 2- 1/1/202₂. 3 Q₁ = 45. Q1 = 40 + ²/Q₂₁ 2.2. = 10- -Consider a market for crude oil production. There are two firms in the market. The marginal cost of firm 1 is 20, while that of firm 2 is 20. The marginal cost is assumed to be constant. The inverse demand for crude oil is P(Q)=200-Q, where Q is the total production in the market. These two firms are engaging in Cournot competition. Find the production quantity of firm 1 in Nash equilibrium. If necessary, round off two decimal places and answer up to one decimal place.Consider a Cournot Oligopoly. One firm has costs C1(Q1) = 12Q1 while the other firm’s cost function is C2(Q2) = 10Q2. The demand for both firms’ products Q=Q1 +Q2 isQD(P)=200−2P. (a) Determine the equilibrium price P, the market shares s1, s2, and the quantities Q1, Q2 produced by both firms. (b) Suppose more firms with the lower cost technology, i.e., with cost function Ci(Qi) = 10Qi enter the market. How many firms with this technology must be in the market such that firm 1’s profit becomes negative. In other words, suppose there is one firm with the high costs, and n firms with the low costs. At what level n will profits of the high-cost firm be negative?
- Two firms - firm 1 and firm 2 - share a market for a specific product. Both have zero marginal cost. They compete in the manner of Bertrand and the market demand for the product is given by: q = 20 − min{p1, p2}. 1. What are the equilibrium prices and profits? 2. Suppose the two firms have signed a collusion contract, that is, they agree to set the same price and share the market equally. What is the price they would set and what would be their profits? For the following parts, suppose the Bertrand game is played for infinitely many times with discount factor for both firms δ ∈ [0, 1). 3. Let both players adopt the following strategy: start with collusion; maintain the collusive price as long as no one has ever deviated before; otherwise set the Bertrand price. What is the minimum value of δ for which this is a SPNE. 4. Suppose the policy maker has imposed a price floor p = 4, that is, neither firm is allowed to set a price below $4. How does your answer to part 3 change? Is it now…Two firms sell a standardized product in a Cournot oligopoly. The inverse demand for the market is P = 580 – 3Q where Q = (Q1 + Q2). The cost functions are C1(Q1) = 4Q1 and C2(Q2) = 4Q2. What is the optimal output level for firm 1?Duopoly and menu costs. (This is adapted from CaminaI 1987.) Consider two firms producing imperfect substitutes. Both firms can produce at zero marginal cost. The demand for the good produced by firm i is given by Now suppose that both firms enter the period with price p., which is the Nash equilibrium price for some value of a, a·. They know b and c. They each observe the value of a for the period, and each firm must independently quote a price for the period. If it wants to quote a price different from p*, it must pay a cost k. Otherwise, it pays nothing. Once prices are quoted, demand is allocated, demand determines produdion, and profits are realized. (b) Compute the set of values of a (around a*) for which not to adjust prices is a Nash equilibrium. (c) Compute the set of values of a (around a*) for which to adjust prices is a Nash equilibrium. (d) Check that all equilibria are symmetric and therefore that there are no other equilibria than the ones computed above.…