A short rectangular column 300 mm on one side and 400 mm on the other side.  It is reinforced with 8-25-mm-diameter longitudinal bars equally distributed to the shorter sides of the column.  Use f’c = 21 MPa and fy = 415 MPa. 46.  Calculate the required spacing of 10-mm-diameter ties. s = [s] mm 47.  Calculate the nominal axial strength of the column in, Pn = [Pn] kN. (rounded to the nearest whole number) 48. calculate the unfactored axial dead load the column can sustain if the unfactored axial live load is 2 times that of the dead load.

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Beams

In structural engineering, a beam is a component made of a variety of materials (including steel alloys, and wood) that can resist loads applied laterally to the beam axis. Members, elements, rafters, shafts, and purlins are all terms used to describe beams.