(a) The TCA cycle plays a central role in the aerobic catabolism of fuel molecules. Explain the dependence of the TCA cycle on gerobic conditions, (b) Compute the theoretical yield of ATP by oxidative phosphoryla when the acetyl-CoA obtained from B-oxidation of palmitic acid (16:0) is completely in an e aerobic cell. show all working.
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- Skeletal muscle cannot synthesize fatty acids, yet it producesthe enzyme acetyl-CoA carboxylase. Explain the role of thisenzymeThe Vmax of muscle glycogen phosphorylase is much larger than that of the liver enzyme. Discuss the functional signifi cance of this phenomenon.The large amount of energy used during aerobic exercise (e.g., running) requires large amounts of oxaloacetate. Explain why acetyl-CoA cannot be used to produce oxaloacetate in this circumstance. What is the likely source of oxaloacetate molecules during aerobic activity?
- dtermoine numberof ATPS GENERATED FROM COMPLETE oxidation of fructose-6-phosphate isocitrate stearidonic acid [18 carbons triangle 6,9,12,15] indicate where everything comes from ex ATPS FROM GLYCOLYSIS , NADH FROM TCA ETC LIST ALL(b) the activity of the malate-aspartate shuttle (MAS) system of isolated rat brain mitochondria suspended in an isotonic me- dium buffered to pH 7.4. Diagram A illustrates NADH fluo- rescence emission upon addition of Glutamate in the ab- sence and presence of Aspartate. Diagram B illustrates sim- ilarly NADH fluorescence emission upon addition of Gluta- mate in the presence of Aspartate followed by additions of submicromolar concentrations of Ca2+. As is well estab- lished, the MAS in brain, skeletal muscle, and cardiac mus- Diagrams A and B on the right show changes in Glu A Glu В -No Asp + 0 +0.12 -0.48 + 16 0.81 +1.8 ++ Asp 10 min 2 min cle mitochondria is activated by cytosolic concentrations of Ca2* < 3 µM. To simulate the cytosolic part of the MAS, the following reagents were added to the medium: 4 units/ml glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase, 6 units/ml malate dehydrogenase, 66 µM NADH, 5 mM aspartate, 5 mM malate, 0.5 mM ADP, 200 nM ruthenium red (to block the mitochondrial…Provide an explanation for the intracellular separation offatty acid metabolic processes (i.e., fatty acid biosynthesisin cytoplasm and degradation in mitochondria andperoxisomes).
- In angiogenic endothelial cells, pyruvate is converted to lactate (generating 2 ATP per glucose) rather than being completely oxidized (which would generate ~32 ATP by oxidative phosphorylation). Explain why angiogenic cells generate ATP anaerobically.“Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis are effectively two sides of the same coin”. With theaid of a diagram/s, explain what this statement means by describing the reactions ofeach pathway and discussing their regulation.Sonicating a suspension of mitochondria produces submitochondrial particles derived from the innermitochondrial membrane. These membranous vesicles seal inside out, so that the intermembrane space of themitochondria becomes the lumen of the submitochondrial particle. Explain (or diagram) the process of electrontransfer and oxidative phosphorylation in these particles. Assuming all the substrates for oxidativephosphorylation are present in excess, does ATP synthesis increase or decrease with an increase in the pH ofthe fluid in which the submitochondrial particles are suspended? Why?
- Compare and contrast Pyruvate Dehydrogenase with a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenaseOutline the mechanisms of both enzymes. Discuss the functions of the coenzymes. List the similarities and the differences between the 2 enzymes. Both are very large membrane bound complexes. What are the advantages of this strategy?Do a bit or research on the structure one of these enzymes. (include one recent reference) – How detailed is the enzyme structure known? What insight(s) does this structural detail give you about the enzyme mechanism.Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCCD) is a reagent that reacts with Asp or Glu residues. Explain why the reaction of DCCD with the c subunits of F1F0-ATP ase blocks its ATP-synthesizing activity.Assuming a eukaryotic cell has complete metabolic ability to fully oxidize glucose(including all metabolic pathways ane necessary organelles).At biochemical level explain the consequence of low oxygen content on all aspects of energy production associated with glucose catabolism.