The diagram on the right comparesthe O2 uptake activity of mitochondria isolatedfrom cultures of (wt) STHdhQ7/Q7 and mutantSTHDHQ111/Q111 striatal neuronal progenitor cells,as introduced in Question 1. Panels A and B be-long to wt mitochondria and Panels C and D be-long to HD mitochondria. The isotonic mediumwas buffered to pH 7.4 with inorganic phosphate.Respiration is supported initially by addition of py-ruvate (+ malate) at t = 0, followed by additionsof ADP (sufficient to consume all of the O2 in theincubation medium), R (rotenone), S (succinate),and O (oligomycin). For Panels A and C, Ca2+had been added to a concentration of 0.9 µM,Ca2+2.BAWT 400ADPADP450300 -300200Ca210 uM150100 -CHD 400ADP RADPR SO450300 - V sCa210 uM300200 -150100 -while for mitochondria in Panels B and D,had been added to the medium to a final concen-Time20 mintration of 10 µM, sufficient to require translocation into the mitochondrial matrix by the Ca2+ Uniporter.Oxygen [µM] (а),electron transport chain, explain why pyruvate was added together with malate. For what metabolicreason is the addition of malate necessary?Although the oxidation of both pyruvate and malate generates NADH as a substrate of the(b)ase complex. Using words and the standard abbreviations for the cofactors, write the sequence ofsteps that convert pyruvate to acetyl-CoA and CO2.There are five cofactors associated with the enzymatic action of the pyruvate dehydrogen-Panels A and C illustrate that the respiratory behavior of the mutant HD mitochondria function(c)similarly to wt mitochondria in the presence of low concentrations of Ca2*. However, under high co-centrations of Ca2* (10 µM), the HD mitochondria exhibit decreased rate of O2 uptake, as illustrated inPanel D. Which enzymes of the citric acid cycle are allosterically activated by Ca2*? Explain whichenzyme is responsible for the low rate of respiration.

Carbohydrates are preferentially used for the generation of energy in the cells. Glucose is digested…

(a). electron transport chain, explain why pyruvate was added together with malate. For what metabolic reason is the addition of malate necessary? Although the oxidation of both pyruvate and malate generates NADH as a substrate of the (b) ase complex. Using words and the standard abbreviations for the cofactors, write the sequence of steps that convert pyruvate to acetyl-CoA and CO2. There are five cofactors associated with the enzymatic action of the pyruvate dehydrogen- (c) similarly to wt mitochondria in the presence of low concentrations of Ca2*. However, under high co- centrations of Ca2* (10 µM), the HD mitochondria exhibit decreased rate of O2 uptake, as illustrated in Panel D. Which enzymes of the citric acid cycle are allosterically activated by Ca²*? Explain which enzyme is responsible for the low rate of respiration. Panels A and C illustrate that the respiratory behavior of the mutant HD mitochondria function

(a). electron transport chain, explain why pyruvate was added together with malate. For what metabolic reason is the addition of malate necessary? Although the oxidation of both pyruvate and malate generates NADH as a substrate of the (b) ase complex. Using words and the standard abbreviations for the cofactors, write the sequence of steps that convert pyruvate to acetyl-CoA and CO2. There are five cofactors associated with the enzymatic action of the pyruvate dehydrogen- (c) similarly to wt mitochondria in the presence of low concentrations of Ca2. However, under high co- centrations of Ca2 (10 µM), the HD mitochondria exhibit decreased rate of O2 uptake, as illustrated in Panel D. Which enzymes of the citric acid cycle are allosterically activated by Ca²*? Explain which enzyme is responsible for the low rate of respiration. Panels A and C illustrate that the respiratory behavior of the mutant HD mitochondria function

Human Heredity: Principles and Issues (MindTap Course List)

11th Edition

ISBN:9781305251052

Author:Michael Cummings

Publisher:Michael Cummings

Chapter9: Gene Expression And Gene Regulation

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 21QP

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