An object is sold in a first-price auction – thus, the highest bidder wins the object and price is equal to the highest bid. There are two bidders, an "Odd" bidder (player 1) and an "Even" bidder (player 2). The odd bidder must bid an odd integer between 1 and 9, while the Even bidder must bid an even integer between 2 and 10. (So the strategy sets are {1,3, ...,9} and {2, 4, .., 10}.) The value of the object to the Odd bidder is 8, and value of the object to the Even bidder is 7. The payoff to the winner is the value of the object minus the price, and the payoff to the loser is 0. (a) Write the game in its strategic form. (b) Find all Nash equilibria.
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- Consider a second-price auction (i.e. the highest bid wins, but the winner only pays the second-highest bid), where one bidder is willing to pay much more for the object than anyone else. These are the individual valuations (each bidder only knows their own) Bidder 1 Bidder 2 Bidder 3 Bidder 4 Bidder 5 Bidder 6 Bidder 7 What is the difference between the amount Bidder 2 bids and the amount Bidder 2 pays in equilibrium? 50 O $1,315 $5,600 $3,045 $2,015,400 $5,600 $5,900 $1,500 $3,110 $1,315 O $2,015,400Suppose two bidders compete for a single indivisible item (e.g., a used car, a piece of art, etc.). We assume that bidder 1 values the item at $v1, and bidder 2 values the item at $v2. We assume that v1 > v2. In this problem we study a second price auction, which proceeds as follows. Each player i = 1, 2 simultaneously chooses a bid bi ≥ 0. The higher of the two bidders wins, and pays the second highest bid (in this case, the other player’s bid). In case of a tie, suppose the item goes to bidder 1. If a bidder does not win, their payoff is zero; if the bidder wins, their payoff is their value minus the second highest bid. a) Now suppose that player 1 bids b1 = v2 and player 2 bids b2 = v1, i.e., they both bid the value of the other player. (Note that in this case, player 2 is bidding above their value!) Show that this is a pure NE of the second price auction. (Note that in this pure NE the player with the lower value wins, while in the weak dominant strategy equilibrium where both…In a sideshow game. A player gets 3 balls to place into a Clown's mouth. Each ball is swallowed by the Clown and is then deposited into slots that can hold only 1 ball. Slots are numbered 1 to 9 and prizes are allocated to a player depending on the slot value of the three balls. If for example the first ball landed in slot 8, the second in slot 2 and the third in slot 1, the resulting prize number would be 821 as shown in Figure 3. 3rd 2nd 1st dol 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Figure 3: A prize number of 821 is shown for a side show game. a) How many resulting prize numbers are possible in this game? b) How many resulting prize numbers are possible that end with the number 1?
- A cool kid is willing to rename himself for a profit. He decides to auctionoff the naming right. Two bidders show interest. Their valuations for thenaming right are independently and uniformly distributed over [0,100].There are several possible ideas to design the auction. The auction runs as follows. Both bidders are invited to the same room; an auctioneer will start the auction with an initial price 0, and increase it by $1 every minute. The bidders are not allowed to say anything during the process, but they can walk out of the room at any moment. If one bidder walks out of the room when the price increases to p (the bidder does not need to pay), the remaining bidder will be awarded the naming right for a price of p. If both walk out when the price reaches p, the naming right is not assigned andthe two bidders do not need to pay. What should the bidders do? Explain your answer.A cool kid is willing to rename himself for a profit. He decides to auctionoff the naming right. Two bidders show interest. Their valuations for thenaming right are independently and uniformly distributed over [0,100].There are several possible ideas to design the auction. a) The auction runs as follows. Both bidders are invited to the sameroom; an auctioneer will start the auction with an initial price 0, and increase it by $1 every minute. The bidders are not allowed to say anything during the process, but they can walk out of the room at any moment. If one bidder walks out of the room when the price increases to p (the bidder does not need to pay), the remaining bidder will be awarded the naming right for a price of p. If both walk out when the price reaches p, the naming right is not assigned and the two bidders do not need to pay. What should the bidders do? Explain your answer. (b) Both bidders are invited to submit their bids covertly (bids are non-negative real numbers).…A cool kid is willing to rename himself for a profit. He decides to auctionoff the naming right. Two bidders show interest. Their valuations for thenaming right are independently and uniformly distributed over [0;100]:There are several possible ideas to design the auction. The auction runs as follows. Both bidders are invited to the sameroom; an auctioneer will start the auction with an initial price 0 and increase it by $1 every minute. The bidders are not allowed to say anything during the process, but they can walk out of the room at any moment. If one bidder walks out of the room when the price increases to p(the bidder does not need to pay), the remaining bidder will be awarded the naming right for a price of p. If both walk out when the price reaches p, the naming right is not assigned and the two bidders do not need to pay. What should the bidders do? Explain your answer.
- - First-Price and Second-Price Auctions - Consider an auction of a single indi- visible object with 5 bidders, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5, whose personal valuations (willingness to pay) for the object are v₁ = 10, V₂ = 8, 03 7, 04 5 and 5 3. The bidders simultaneously submit their bids and the winner is the one with the highest bid. Suppose that, when the highest bidder is not unique, the bidder with the smallest number (highest valuation) wins. (a) Suppose that this is a second-price auction, where the winner pays the highest bid among those from her opponents, determine whether each of the following bidding profiles is a Nash equilibrium. Explain. (i) (b₁,b2, b3, b4, b5) = (10, 8, 7, 5, 3) (ii) (b1,b2, b3, b4, b5) = (8,8, 0, 0, 0) (iii) (b₁,b2, b3, b4, b5) = (10, 0, 0, 0, 10) (b) Now suppose that this is a first-price auction, where the winner pays their own bid, determine whether each of the bidding profiles above is a Nash equilibrium. Explain. = =In a gambling game, Player A and Player B both have a $1 and a $5 bill. Each player selects one of the bills without the other player knowing the bill selected. Simultaneously they both reveal the bills selected. If the bills do not match, Player A wins Player B's bill. If the bills match, Player B wins Player A's bill. Develop the game theory table for this game. The values should be expressed as the gains (or losses) for Player A. Is there a pure strategy? Why or why not? Determine the optimal strategies and the value of this game. Does the game favor one player over the other? Suppose Player B decides to deviate from the optimal strategy and begins playing each bill 50% of the time. What should Player A do to improve Player A’s winnings? Comment on why it is important to follow an optimal game theory strategy.In a gambling game, Player A and Player B both have a $1 and a $5 bill. Each player selects one of the bills without the other player knowing the bill selected. Simultaneously they both reveal the bills selected. If the bills do not match, Player A wins Player B's bill. If the bills match, Player B wins Player A's bill. Develop the game theory table for this game. The values should be expressed as the gains (or losses) for Player A.
- Consider the charity auction. In many charity auctions, altruistic celebrities auction objects with special value for their fans to raise funds for charity. Madonna, for example, held an auction to sell clothing worn during her career and raised about 3.2 million dollars. In the charity auction the winner of the lot is the highest bidder. The difference with the standard auction is that all bidders are required to pay an amount equal to what they bid. Suppose there are two bidders and assume bidders have valuations randomly drawn from the interval [2, 4] according to the uniform distribution. 1. Derive the equilibrium bidding function. Hint: After getting the differential equation given by the FOC, propose a non-linear bidding function b(v) = α + βv2 as solution. Your task is to find α and β. 2. Derive the revenue of the seller in the charity auction. 3. Would the seller obtain higher profits if she organized a first-price sealed bid auction instead? A. Yes, higher revenue B. No, lower…Two firms bid for a contract to build a university building. Their construction costs are independent and uniformly drawn from [0,1]: Both bidders submit their bids si- multaneously. The winner is the bidder who submits a lowest bid. Tie-breaking rule is random. This kind of bidding game is called i'reverse auction' because the bidders bid for the right to provide a service and the winner is paid for the service. The FCC in 2017 has adopted similar auctions designed to repurpose spectrum for new uses. (a) In the first auction, the winner gets paid the loser's bid. For example, if the winner's cost is 0.5, his bid is 0.56, and the loserís bid is 0.6, then the winner gets the contract and the university pays the winner 0.6. The winner's net profit from the contract is 0.6-0.5 = 0.1. Solve for a Bayesian Nash equilibrium of this auction. What is the equilibrium bid of a firm bid if his cost is actually 0.5? (b) In the second auction, the winner gets paid the his/her own winning…Consider a Common Value auction with two bidders who both receive a signal X that is uniformly distributed between 0 and 1. The (common) value V of the good the players are bidding for is the average of the two signals, i.e. V = (X1+X2)/2. the symmetric Nash equilibrium bidding strategy for the second-price sealed-bid auction assuming that players are risk-neutral and have standard selfish preferences. Furthermore, you may assume that the other bidder is following a linear bidding strategy. Make sure to explain your notation and the steps you take to derive the result.