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- RSA (Rivest–Shamir–Adleman) and AES (Advanced Encryption Standard) are two different types of ciphers. You are now given two large primes, p and q, a cryptographic hash function H(x).a) DESCRIBE the RSA algorithm. In your description, you should make clear how RSA keys are generated, how a message is encrypted and how a cipher text is decrypted.I need help with the following problem: A ciphertext was generated using an affine cipher. The most frequent letter in the ciphertext is “C” and the second most frequent letter is “V”. Break the code. Assume that the most frequent letter in English is “E” and the second most frequent letter is “T”.1. Let (01, 02, 03,..., 026!} be the set of permutations of the alphabet A = {A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, T, U, V, W, X, Y, Z}, and consider the simple substitution cryptosystem with ok = A B C D E F G H I J K L M X MTAK ZQB NO LES N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z IF G R V JH CY UDP W and key k. (a) Compute C = e(AUBUR NUNIV ERSIT YATMO NTGOM ERY, k). (b) Compute M = d(NIZFV SXHNF IHBKF VPXIA KIHVF GP, k).
- 8. A security system is used to encrypt the password of a cryptocurrency wallet (crypto wallet) and generate 10 different codes that the owner of the wallet can copy on 10 papers that he will hide with great care. So if a thief finds 1 of these hidden papers, he will not be able to unlock the wallet. Indeed it would be necessary to have at least 6 (any 6) codes to reconstitute the secret passphrase and unlock the wallet. How is it possible ?5. Suppose I have a modern symmetric cipher with 95 bits key. If I have a cryptanalysis machine that can do the exhaustive key search of 290 keys in one day, how long it will take to break this crypto-system?a. Consider the prime numbers 7 and 17. Verify that (5, 119) is a correct public key for RSA crypto-system. Derive a corresponding private key for RSA crypto-system. Discuss how you verified and derived your answer. b. Using these keys, verify that for a message 4, encryption followed by decryption produces 4. You can use a calculator. Present the methods for encryption and decryption. c. State the sequence multiplications and squaring operations necessary to efficiently compute 102,423. Please discuss how you obtained your solution.
- 1. An affine cipher has the form c = (am+b) mod n. Suppose m is an integer between 0 and 25, each integer representing a letter. (a) Let n = 26, a = 3, and b = 123. What is the ciphertext corresponding to the phrase THIS IS A CIPHER MESSAGE. (b) A requirement for a cipher is that every plaintext letter correspond to a different ciphertext letter. If either a and b is not relatively prime to n, does the affine cipher meet this property? Either prove it does or present a counterexample.2. Let (M, C, e, d, K) denote the simple substitution cryptosystem with Σ = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4), M = C = * = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4}*, and -(01234). ők = (a) Compute C= e(240014, k). (b) Compute M = d(4130, k).1. Please apply columnar transposition cipher to encrypt the message "a digital computer is a machine that can solve problems for" ignoring the space in between. If the probable word is "network", please give the corresponding ciphertext (no spaces). State the result: Provide Proof: Solution: Proof is as the following, N (3) E(1) T(6) W(7) O(4) R(5) K(2)
- An old encryption system uses 20-bit keys. A cryptanalyst, who wants to brute-force attack theencryption system, is working on a computer system with a performance rate N keys per second. How many possible keys will be available in the above encryption system? What will be the maximum number of keys per second (N) that the computer system isworking with, if the amount of time needed to brute-force all the possible keys was 512 milliseconds? Show you detailed calculations.Please answer both questions, exactly with explanation: # A password generator creates a 10-character case-sensitive alphanumeric (a-zA-Z0-9) password keyed by pseudo-random number generator that has deterministic output based on a 32-bit seed (e.g., a 32-bit integer) provided by the user. How many passwords are possible? If it takes .0001 seconds to check a password, what will the average length of time be for a successful brute force attack?(b) Suppose we have public key encryption system with E the encryption function and Dr the decryption function, where Er is publicly known for a key k and Dx is secret. Suppose further that the composition of the operations E and Dµ is com- mutative: Er o Dr = Dx o Ex. Propose a simple way to implement authenticating messages using components of this encryption system. Answer: to send a signed message x we compute and send: