Are the differences in cytochrome c amino acid sequences due to the action of natural selection, or chance? If by chance, what does that say about the genetic mutations that produced them?
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*Are the differences in cytochrome c amino acid sequences due to the action of natural selection, or chance? If by chance, what does that say about the genetic mutations that produced them?
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- For each of the following examples, discuss whether the observed result is due to neutral mutations or mutations that have been acted on by natural selection, or both: A. When comparing sequences of homologous genes, differences in the coding sequence are most common at the wobble base (i.e., the third base in each codon). B. For a protein-encoding gene, the regions that encode portions of the polypeptide that are vital for structure and function are less likely to display mutations than other regions of the gene. C. When comparing the sequences of homologous genes, introns usually have more sequence differences than exons.In your group, consider the following statement: "Mutations are random, natural selection is not." What does that statement mean?What is the long term and short term effects of natural selection on coding and non-coding DNA, the amount of transposable elements and birth and death of genes? And how does it exert the effect?
- A group of researchers are trying to determine the relationship between various groups of organisms. The researchers analyze the amino acid sequence of the protein cytochrome c in various groups of organisms. Once they sequence cytochrome c in all organisms, they determine the number of amino acid substitutions in each group. The results can be seen in the graph below, which plots the data with respect to the time since the divergence of the members of paired groups from a common ancestor. A B mammals and reptiles с Number of Amino Acid Substitutions (per 100 amino acids) in Cytochrome, c D 60- 50+ 40+ 30- 20+ 10+ 0 0 O birds and reptiles A graph showing when various groups of organisms diverged from a common ancestor Based on the graph above, can you conclude which of the following organisms are most distantly related? 200 400 600 800 1,000 Time Since Divergence from a Common Ancestor (millions of years) fish and land vertebrates mammals and reptiles birds and mammals insects and…Asian tiger mosquito Trace its origin and evolutionary history or changes in the species. Describe its structures and their functions. What is the importance of this species to our environment? Give trivia about this species. Does this organism produce oxygen? Explain. What are the ancestral species of your chosen organism? Has this species been genetically engineered? If yes, in what way? How does this species reproduce? What organisms have similar structures to this species? Do these structures have the same function? Does the species have tissues, organs, and/or organ systems? What is its role in the flow of energy? Give at 15 least a sentence to each question.In your own words, define the terms “orthologous” and “paralogous” genes. Then briefly suggest by what mechanism, during evolution, each of these is most likely to have arisen.
- In what sense does the universality of the genetic code support the theory of evolution?1a) How do the events surrounding the Peppered Moth during the industrial era in Great Britain support the theory of natural selection? 1b) There exist several categories of evidence that lend credence to the interrelated nature of all organisms alive today. Describe two (2) pieces of evidence that support the theory of evolution (and the notion of a universal common ancestor). 1c) What is leading to the development of antibiotic-resistance bacteria? Why should we be concerned?Which of the following is a question that population genetics would address? O How does phenylketonuria affect brain development? How does cancer spread from one tissue to another? O How does the cell copy DNA? O How does a single nucleotide substitution cause sickle cell anemia? O How many people have colorblindness in Utah?
- Discuss the significance of mutations and explain the role of the environment in the evolutionary process. (Hint: Consider Lenski's study and what is demonstrated. Do not re-tell Lenski’s study)How do mutations work with natural selection in the theory of evolution?What is a gene? Why are regulatory genes important to the evolutionary process? What is a mutation as defined in this course and readings. Are the end results of a mutation always "good" or always "bad"? Or is a mutation perhaps neither always good or always bad and could be "neutral or no effect" or "adaptive" in some situations? Does it depend on the gene, amino acid, protein, and case-by-case scenario? What genetic evidence suggests that humans are a part of a biological continuum with all life forms. Does the number of genes in a biological organism correlate, predict, or denote the complexity of the organism? Does the number of chromosomes in a biological organism correlate, predict, or denote the complexity of the organism?