Briefly explain the role of genetic testing and the following inherited gene mutations linked to breast cancer: ATM BRCA1andBRCA2 BRIP 1 CDH1 CHEK2 PALB2 PTEN STK11 TP53
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- Briefly explain the role of genetic testing and the following inherited gene mutations linked to breast cancer:
- ATM
- BRCA1andBRCA2
- BRIP 1
- CDH1
- CHEK2
- PALB2
- PTEN
- STK11
- TP53
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- Discuss two reasons why the therapeutic use ofembryonic stem cells can present a problem.In Metastatic Breast Cancer [such as in Breast Invasive Ductal Carcinoma; Breast Invasive Carcinoma, NOS; Breast Invasive Cancer, NOS; Invasive Breast Carcinoma; Breast Invasive Lobular Carcinoma; Breast Mixed Ductal and Lobular Carcinoma] what role does the genes Tp53 and Tp63 have? Would one of them affect the other (i.e. mutation, etc) or there is not relationship among the two genes at all.1. Describe & explain the pathophysiology of cancer based on the diagram. Reference: https://www.onlinebiologynotes.com/cancer-etiology-pathophysiology-types-diagnosis-and- treatment/ Acquired (environmental) DNA damaging agents: • chemical • radiation viruses Activation of growth- promoting oncogenes NORMAL CELL DNA Damage Failure of DNA repair Mutations in the genome of somatic cells Alteration of genes that regulate apoptosis Malignant neoplasm / Successful DNA repair CANCER Inherited mutations: • Genes affecting DNA repair • Genes affecting cell growth Expression of altered gene products and loss of regulatory gene products Inactivation of cancer suppresor genes Clonal expansion Additional mutations (progression) T Heterogeneity
- Explain the following characteristics of an ideal tumor marker • Specificity for a single type of cancer • High sensitivity and specificity for cancerous growth • Correlation of marker level with tumor size • Homogeneous (i.e., minimal post-translational modifications) • Short half-life in circulationWhat is meant by the "two-hit" model of cancer development? Describe this theory in detail and explain why this makes sense with the observation that cancer is typically seen in people who are >60 years of age.explain and analyse each gene mutaition in the CIN, MSI, CIMP pathways and what are the causes of these mutations in regards to adenocarcinoma tumours colorectal cancer. Provide detailed analysis with examples
- What are tumor markers? Describe major types of tumor markers used in breast cancer care. Can tumor markers be used in breast cancer screening?use your own words27 of 41 Mutations in two important cancer-critical genes, encoding p53 and Rb, respectively, are commonly found in cancers. What type of mutations are these expected to be? O Gain-of-function mutation in p53 and loss-of-function mutation in Rb O Loss-of-function mutation in p53 and gain-of-function mutation in Rb O Loss-of-function mutations in both genes O Gain-of-function mutations in both genesExplain why each of the following is a risk factor for cancer: age, loss-of-function mutations in repair or tumor-suppressor genes, certain viruses such as HPV, chemical mutagens, radiation/UV light
- Figure 17.15 In 2011, the United States Preventative Services Task Force recommended against using the PSA test to screen healthy men for prostate cancer. Their recommendation is based on evidence that screening does not reduce the risk of death from prostate cancer. Prostate cancer often develops very slowly and does not cause problems, while the cancer treatment can have severe side effects. The PCA3 test is considered to be more accurate, but screening may still result in men who would not have been harmed by the cancer itself suffering side effects from treatment. What do you think? Should all healthy men be screened for prostate cancer using the PCA3 or PSA test? Should people in general be screened to find out if they have a genetic risk for cancer or other diseases?Skin cancer carries a lifetime risk nearly equal to that of allother cancers combined. Following is a graph [modified fromK. H. Kraemer (1997). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (USA) 94:11–14]depicting the age of onset of skin cancers in patients with orwithout XP, where the cumulative percentage of skin cancer is plotted against age. The non-XP curve is based on 29,757 cancerssurveyed by the National Cancer Institute, and the curverepresenting those with XP is based on 63 skin cancers from theXeroderma Pigmentosum Registry.Which of the following effectively describes the situation of someone with an inherited predisposition to cancer such a familial adenomatous polyposis or BRCA-associated familial breast cancer? Choose all that apply Group of answer choices None of the other answers effectively describes the situation If they get malignant cancer, somatic mutations will not have been a factor Their cancer will most likely arise in their germ cells, not their somatic cells Most cells in their body contain multiple cancer-causing mutations Every cell of their body contains a gain-of-function allele of an oncogene Every cell of their body contains a defective, loss-of-function allele of a tumor suppressor gene
