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An Individuals receive two alleles of each gene from each parent. Alleles are the two variant form of a gene. They can be dominant or recessive by nature.
If we have two allele of a gene. Then the allele that expresses it self is dominant. And if the effect of other gene is masked is called as recessive allele.
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- | 3 4 |IL 1 I Section 5: Trihybrid cross and Laws of probability For a trihybrid cross, in which inheritance of alleles for three genes is tracked, drawing a Punnett square that combines all three genes may not be practical. Instead the laws of probability may be used. The product law of probabilities says that when alleles for separate genes segregate independently, we can figure out the probability of a particular combined genotype by multiplying the probability of the alleles for each gene. 13. We cross a homozygous tall pea plant with yellow, round seeds to a homozygous dwarf pea plant with green, wrinkled seeds. All the F1 offspring are all tall plants with yellow, round seeds. a. What are the expected F2 ratios (use fractions) of tall and dwarf plants? b. What are the expected F2 ratios (use fractions) of yellow and green seeds? C. What are the expected F2 ratios (use fractions) of round and wrinkled seeds? d. What are the possible F2 combined phenotypes and their expected ratios…1. In "Four o' Clock “plants, it's flower color is incompletely dominant. The red flowers are homozygous dominant, the white flowers are homozygous recessive, and the pink flowers are heterozygous. Show genetic crosses between the following Four O'clock parents, using the Punnett squares provided and indicate the genotypic and phenotypic % below: A. Red x white Genotypic %: Phenotypic %: B. White x Pink Genotypic %: Phenotypic %: C. Pink x Pink Genotypic %: Phenotypic %:25. List the three alleles for blood: 26. List the genotypes for blood: 27. List the phenotypes for blood: 28. A type of chicken shows codominance with black (B) being codominant with white (B'). The heterozygous condition is checkered. Cross a checkered rooster with a white hen. Show the following: Genotypes: Phenotypes: Genotypic Ratio: Phenotypic Ratio:
- 1. The gene for tall is dominant over dwarf in the garden pea plant used by Mendel. A pea plant that comes from a line of plants that are all tall is crossed with a dwarf pea plant. What is the phenotype of the Fi generation? What is (are) its genotype(s)? Character/s: Alleles: a Genotype: 9 Genotype: Cross: Genotype/s: Phenotype/s: Genotypic Ratio: Activate V Go to Setting Phenotypic Ratio:1. Complete the Punnett square for a cross between a homozygous red-flowered snapdragon (RR) and a homozygous white-flowered snapdragon (WW). Give the ratio for the phenotype and the genotype. Key F1 Genotypic Ratio: RR – red Phenotypic Ratio: wW- white RW- pink 2. Complete the Punnett Square for a cross between two Fi plants (WW). Give the phenotypic ratio for the F2 generation. F2 Phenotypic ratio: 3. Cite some possible applications of genetics to plant breeding.homozygous recessive: 3) Round seeds are dominant over wrinkled seeds in pea plants. Fill in the Punnett square and determine the expected genotypes and phenotypes of the F₁ generation by crossing homozygous recessive and heterozygous parents. J Possible genotypes of offspring: Possible phenotypes of offspring: Percentage of offspring that are round: % of offspring that are homozygous dominant: heterozygous: J j J j J j j J j J j Fi generation If there were 3500 seeds collected, predict how many would be round? Predict how many seeds would be homozygous dominant? homozygous recessive: % wrinkled: % % homozygous recessive: wrinkled? heterozygous? % %
- 4. Brown eyes are dominant over blue eyes. This is NOTA sex-linked trait. Cross a brown-eyed colorblind male (whose mother had blue eyes) with a normal blue-eyed female (whose father was colorblind). Genotype of the male Genotype of the female Genotypes Phenotypes What is the probability of getting offspring that are blue-eyed carrier females? (Remember that a carrier is a female that carries one copy of the sex-linked allele, but does not have the disease.) What is the probability of getting offspring that are blue-eyed? What is the probability of getting offspring that are blue-eyed colorblind males? What is the probability of getting offspring that are brown-eyed carrier females? What is the probability of getting offspring that are blue-eyed normal males? What is the probability of getting offspring that are colorblind?B. Dihybrid Cross. 1. If a woman who is a non-PTC taster (recessive) with a heterozygous hitchhikers thumb has children with a man who is a heterozygous PTC taster with straight thumbs (recessive), what is the probability of them having each of the following types of children? (Fill in the Punnett Square and the blanks). Parents' genotypes X a. How many non-PTC tasters, Hitchhikers thumb b. How many PTC tasters, Hitchhikers thumb c. What is the phenotypic ratio?IV. In 1-2 sentences, answer the following questions: 11. How does the law of segregation and independent assortment apply to comparing two different traits with two contrasting characters? 12. What is the difference between incomplete dominance and codominance? 13. How does phenotypic ratio differ from genotypic ratio? 14. Can an individual with blood type B be a legitimate child of one parent with blood type A and blood type AB? 15. How does gene interaction affect humans?
- 1. Muscular dystrophy is an x linked recessive disorder. If two of the four offsprings have muscular dystrophy and the other two are normal, predict the genotype of the parents. The offsprins are all boys and the parents appear normal. 2. At age 50, the girl is bald and the boy is not bald. They are twins. What is the genotype of the girl? Predict the genotype of the parents of the twins.1. Hemophilia is a disease inherited as a X-linked recessive trait while pattern baldness is controlled by an autosomal gene that is dominant in males and recessive in females. A hemophilic man who is also homozygous for baldness has children with a woman who is not hemophilic but a carrier and heterozygous normal-haired. Show the parental genotypes, the Genotypic ratio (GR) of the offspring and their phenotypic ratio. Separate the total number of the male offspring from female offspring. For example, if there are 8 total number of offspring, count how many are females and how many are males. So if there are 4 females, then the denominator for the genotypic ratio and phenotypic ratio for female offspring is 4. You can convert it to percentage if you want. Answer the following: a. Among the female offspring, what is the probability of having hemophilic but normal haired child? b. Among the male offspring, what is the chance of having a child with normal blood clotting but bald?For numbers 1-9. Cross the following blood type of the wife and husband and answer the questions provided. Wife: Type A Husband: Type AB 1-3. What are the possible genotype of the offspring? А. АО, ВО В. А, ВО, АВ С. АО, ВВ D. AA,AB 4-6. What are the possible Phenotype? A. Type A and B В. Туре АВ С. Туре А, В аnd AB D. Type A, B and O 7-9. What is the percentage of type AB if the genotype you cross is AO and AB? А. 25% В. 50% C. 75% D. 0%
