Chemistry 9th Edition
ISBN: 9781133611097
Author: Steven S. Zumdahl
Publisher: Steven S. Zumdahl
1 Chemical Foundations 2 Atoms, Molecules, And Ions 3 Stoichiometry 4 Types Of Chemical Reactions And Solution Stoichiometry 5 Gases 6 Thermochemistry 7 Atomic Structure And Periodicity 8 Bonding: General Concepts 9 Covalent Bonding: Orbitals 10 Liquids And Solids 11 Properties Of Solutions 12 Chemical Kinetics 13 Chemical Equilibrium 14 Acids And Bases 15 Acid-base Equilibria 16 Solubility And Complex Ion Equilibria 17 Spontaneity, Entropy, And Free Energy 18 Electrochemistry 19 The Nucleus: A Chemist's View 20 The Representative Elements 21 Transition Metals And Coordination Chemistry 22 Organic And Biological Molecules Chapter13: Chemical Equilibrium
Chapter Questions Section: Chapter Questions
Problem 1RQ: Characterize a system at chemical equilibrium with respect to each of the following a. the rates of... Problem 2RQ: What is the law of mass action? Is it true that the value of K depends on the amounts of reactants... Problem 3RQ: Consider the following reactions at some temperature: 2NOCl(g)2NO(g)+Cl2(g)K=1.6105... Problem 4RQ: What is the difference between K and Kp? When doc K = Kp for a reaction? When does K Kp for a... Problem 5RQ: What are homogeneous equilibria? Heterogeneous equilibria? What is the difference in writing K... Problem 6RQ: Distinguish between the terms equilibrium constant and reaction quotient. When Q = K, what does this... Problem 7RQ: Summarize the steps for solving equilibrium problems (see the beginning of Section 12-6). In... Problem 8RQ: A common type of reaction we will study is that having a very small K value (K 1). Solving for... Problem 9RQ: What is Le Chteliers principle? Consider the reaction 2NOCI(g)2NO(g)+Cl2(g) If this reaction is at... Problem 10RQ: The only stress (change) that also changes the value of K is a change in temperature. For an... Problem 1ALQ: Consider an equilibrium mixture of four chemicals (A, B, C, and D, all gases) reacting in a closed... Problem 2ALQ: The boxes shown below represent a set of initial conditions for the reaction: Draw a quantitative... Problem 3ALQ: For the reactionH2(g)+I2(g)2HI(g), consider two possibilities: (a) you mix 0.5 mole of each... Problem 4ALQ: Given the reactionA(g)+B(g)C(g)+D(g), consider the following situations: i. You have 1.3 M A and 0.8... Problem 5ALQ: Consider the reaction A(g)+2B(g)C(g)+D(g) in a 1.0-L rigid flask. Answer the following questions for... Problem 6ALQ: Consider the reactionA(g)+B(g)C(g)+D(g). A friend asks the following: I know we have been told that... Problem 7ALQ: Consider the following statements: Consider the reaction A(g)+B(g)C(g),for which at equilibrium [A]... Problem 8ALQ: Le Chteliers principle is stated (Section 12-7) as follows: If a change is imposed on a system at... Problem 9ALQ: The value of the equilibrium constant K depends on which of the following (more than one answer may... Problem 10Q: Consider an initial mixture of N2 and H2 gases that can be represented as follows: The gases react... Problem 11Q: Consider the following reaction: H2O(g)+CO(g)H2(g)+CO2(g) Amounts of H2O, CO, H2, and CO2 are put... Problem 12Q: Consider the same reaction as in Question 11. In one experiment 1.0 mole of H2O(g) and 1.0 mole of... Problem 13Q: Suppose a reaction has the equilibrium constant K = 1.3 108. What does the magnitude of this... Problem 14Q: Suppose a reaction has the equilibrium constant K = 1.7 108 at a particular temperature. Will there... Problem 15Q: Consider the following reaction at some temperature: H2O(g)+CO(g)H2(g)+CO2(g)K=2.0 Some molecules of... Problem 16Q: Consider the following generic reaction: 2A2B(g)2A2(g)+B2(g) Some molecules of A2B are placed in a... Problem 17Q: Explain the difference between K, Kp, and Q. Problem 18Q: Consider the following reactions: H2(g)+I2(g)2HI(g)andH2(g)+I2(s)2HI(g) List two property... Problem 19Q: For a typical equilibrium problem, the value of K and the initial reaction conditions are given for... Problem 20Q: Which of the following statements is(are) true? Correct the false statement(s). a. When a reactant... Problem 21E: Write the equilibrium expression (K) for each of the following gas-phase reactions. a.... Problem 22E: Write the equilibrium expression (Kp) for each reaction in Exercise 21. Problem 23E: At a given temperature, K = 1.3 102 for the reaction N2(g)+3H2(g)2NH3(g) Calculate values of K for... Problem 24E: For the reaction H2(g)+Br2(g)2HBr(g) Kp = 3.5 104 at 1495 K. What is the value of Kp for the... Problem 25E: For the reaction 2NO(g)+2H2(g)N2(g)+2H2O(g) it is determined that, at equilibrium at a particular... Problem 26E: At high temperatures, elemental nitrogen and oxygen react with each other to form nitrogen monoxide:... Problem 27E: At a particular temperature, a 3.0-L flask contains 2.4 moles of Cl2, l.0 mole of NOCI, and 4.5 103... Problem 28E: At a particular temperature a 2.00-L flask at equilibrium contains 2.80 104 mole of N2, 2.50 105... Problem 29E: The following equilibrium pressures at a certain temperature were observed for the reaction... Problem 30E: The following equilibrium pressures were observed at a certain temperature for the reaction... Problem 31E: At 327c, the equilibrium concentrations are [CH3OH] = 0.15 M, [CO] = 0.24 M, and [H2] = 1.1 M for... Problem 32E: At 1100 K, Kp = 0.25 for the reaction 2SO2(g)+O2(g)2SO3(g) What is the value of K at this... Problem 33E: Write expressions for K and Kp for the following reactions. a. 2NH3(g)+CO2(g)N2CH4O(s)+H2O(g) b.... Problem 34E: Write expressions for Kp for the following reactions. a. 2Fe(S)+32O2(g)Fe2O3(S) b.... Problem 35E: For which reactions in Exercise 33 is Kp equal to K Problem 36E: For which reactions in Exercise 34 is Kp equal to K? Problem 37E: Consider the following reaction at a certain temperature: 4Fe(s)+3O2(g)2Fe2O3(s) An equilibrium... Problem 38E: In a study of the reaction 3Fe(s)+4H2O(g)Fe3O4(s)+4H2(g) at 1200 K it was observed that when the... Problem 39E: The equilibrium constant is 0.0900 at 25C for the reaction H2O(g)+Cl2O(g)2HOCl(g) For which of the... Problem 40E: The equilibrium constant is 0.0900 at 25C for the reaction H2O(g)+Cl2O(g)2HOCl(g) For which of the... Problem 42E: Ethyl acetate is synthesized in a nonreacting solvent (not water) according to the following... Problem 43E: For the reaction 2H2O(g)2H2(g)+O2(g) K = 2.4 103 at a given temperature. At equilibrium in a 2.0-L... Problem 44E: The reaction 2NO(g)+Br2(g)2NOBr(g) has Kp = 109 at 25C. If the equilibrium partial pressure of Br2... Problem 45E: A 1.00-L flask was filled with 2.00 moles of gaseous SO2 and 2.00 moles of gaseous NO2 and heated.... Problem 46E: A sample of S8(g) is placed in an otherwise empty rigid container at 1325 K at an initial pressure... Problem 47E: At a particular temperature, 12.0 moles of SO3 is placed into a 3.0-L rigid container, and the SO3... Problem 48E: At a particular temperature, 8.0 moles of NO2 is placed into a 1.0-L container and the NO2... Problem 49E: An initial mixture of nitrogen gas and hydrogen gas is reacted in a rigid container at a certain... Problem 50E: Nitrogen gas (N2) reacts with hydrogen gas (H2) to form ammonia (NH3). At 200C in a closed... Problem 51E: At a particular temperature, K = 3.75 for the reaction SO2(g)+NO2(g)SO3(g)+NO(g) If all four gases... Problem 53E: At 2200C, Kp = 0.050 for the reaction N2(g)+O2(g)2NO(g) What is the partial pressure of NO in... Problem 54E: At 25c, K = 0.090 for the reaction H2O(g)+Cl2O(g)2HOCI(g) Calculate the concentrations of all... Problem 55E: At 1100 K, KP = 0.25 for the reaction 2SO2(g)+O2(g)2SO3(g) Calculate the equilibrium partial... Problem 56E: At a particular temperature, Kp = 0.25 for the reaction N2O4(g)2NO2(g) a. A flask containing only... Problem 57E: At 35C, K = 1.6 105 for the reaction 2NOCl(g)2NO(g)+Cl2(g) Calculate the concentrations of all... Problem 58E: At a particular temperature, K = 4.0 107 for the reaction N2O4(g)2NO2(g) In an experiment, 1.0 mole... Problem 59E: At a particular temperature, K = 2.0 106 for the reaction 2CO2(g)2CO(g)+O2(g) If 2.0 moles of CO2... Problem 60E: Lexan is a plastic used to make compact discs, eyeglass lenses, and bullet-proof glass. One of the... Problem 61E Problem 62E Problem 63E: Suppose the reaction system UO2(s)+4HF(g)UF4(g)+2H2O(g) has already reached equilibrium. Predict the... Problem 64E: Predict the shift in the equilibrium position that will occur for each of the following reactions... Problem 65E: An important reaction in the commercial production of hydrogen is CO(g)+H2O(g)H2(g)+CO2(g) How will... Problem 66E: What will happen to the number of moles of SO3 in equilibrium with SO2 and O2 in the reaction... Problem 67E: In which direction will the position of the equilibrium 2HI(g)H2(g)+I2(g) be shifted for each of the... Problem 68E: Hydrogen for use in ammonia production is produced by the reaction... Problem 69E: Old-fashioned smelling salts consist of ammonium carbonate, (NH4)2CO3. The reaction for the... Problem 70E: Ammonia is produced by the Haber process, in which nitrogen and hydrogen are reacted directly using... Problem 71AE Problem 72AE: Given the following equilibrium constants at 427C,... Problem 73AE: Consider the decomposition of the compound C5H6O3 as follows: C5H6O3(g)C2H6(g)+3CO(g) When a 5.63-g... Problem 74AE: At 25C. Kp 1 1031 for the reaction a. Calculate the concentration of NO, in molecules/cm3, that can... Problem 75AE: The gas arsine, AsH3, decomposes as follows: 2AsH3(g)2As(s)+3H2(g) In an experiment at a certain... Problem 76AE: At a certain temperature, K = 9.1 10-4 for the reaction FeSCN2+(aq)Fe3+(aq)+SCN(aq) Calculate the... Problem 77AE: At a certain temperature, K = 1.1 l03 for the reaction Fe3+(aq)+SCN(aq)FeSCN2+(aq) Calculate the... Problem 78AE: For the reaction PCl5(g)PCl3(g)+Cl2(g) at 600. K, the equilibrium constant, Kp, is 11.5. Suppose... Problem 79AE: At 25C, gaseous SO2Cl2 decomposes to SO2(g) and Cl2(g) to the extent that 12.5% of the original... Problem 80AE: For the following reaction at a certain temperature H2(g)+F2(g)2HF(g) it is found that the... Problem 81AE: Novelty devices for predicting rain contain cobalt(II) chloride and are based on the following... Problem 82AE: Consider the reaction Fe3+(aq)+SCN(aq)FeSCN2+(aq) How will the equilibrium position shift if a.... Problem 83AE: Chromium(VI) forms two different oxyanions, the orange dichromate ion, Cr2O72 , and the yellow... Problem 84AE Problem 85AE: Suppose K = 4.5 103 at a certain temperature for the reaction PCl5(g)PCl3(g)+Cl2(g) If it is found... Problem 86AE: For the reaction below, Kp = 1.16 at 800C. CaCO3(s)CaO(s)+CO2(g) If a 20.0-g sample of CaCO3 is put... Problem 87AE: Many sugars undergo a process called mutarotation, in which the sugar molecules interconvert between... Problem 88AE: Peptide decomposition is one of the key processes of digestion, where a peptide bond is broken into... Problem 89AE Problem 90AE: Methanol, a common laboratory solvent, poses a threat of blindness or death if consumed in... Problem 92CWP: An equilibrium mixture contains 0.60 g solid carbon and the gases carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide... Problem 93CWP: At a particular temperature, 8.1 moles of NO2 gas is placed in n 3.0-L container. Over time the NO2... Problem 94CWP: A sample of solid ammonium chloride was placed in an evacuated chamber and then heated, causing it... Problem 95CWP: In a given experiment, 5.2 moles of pure NOCl was placed in an otherwise empty 2.0-L container.... Problem 96CWP: For the reactionN2O4(g)2NO2(g),Kp=0.25 at a certain temperature. If 0.040 atm of N2O4 is reacted... Problem 97CWP: Consider the following exothermic reaction at equilibrium: N2(g)+2H2(g)2NH3(g) Predict how the... Problem 98CWP: For the following endothermic reaction at equilibrium: 2SO3(g)2SO2(g)+O2(g) which of the following... Problem 99CP: A 1.604-g sample of methane (CH4) gas and 6.400 g oxygen gas are scaled into a 2.50-L vessel at 411C... Problem 100CP: A 4.72-g sample of methanol (CH3OH) was placed in an otherwise empty 1.00-L flask and heated to... Problem 101CP: At 35C, K = 1.6 105 for the reaction 2NOCl(g)2NO(g)+Cl2(g) If 2.0 moles of NO and 1.0 mole of Cl2... Problem 102CP: Nitric oxide and bromine at initial partial pressures of 98.4 and 41.3 torr, respectively, were... Problem 103CP: At 25C. Kp = 5.3 105 for the reaction N2(g)+3H2(g)2NH3(g) When a certain partial pressure of NH3(g)... Problem 104CP: Consider the reaction P4(g)2P2(g) where Kp = 1.00 101 at 1325 K. In an experiment where P4(g) is... Problem 105CP: The partial pressures of an equilibrium mixture of N2O4(g) and NO2(g) are PN2O4=0.34 atm and... Problem 106CP: At 125C, KP = 0.25 for the reaction 2NaHCO3(s)Na2CO3(s)+CO2(g)+H2O(g) A 1.00-L flask containing 10.0... Problem 107CP: A mixture of N2, H2, and NH3 is at equilibrium [according to the equationN2(g)+3H2(g)2NH3(g)] as... Problem 108CP: Consider the decomposition equilibrium for dinitrogen pentoxide: 2N2O5(g)4NO2(g)+O2(g) At a certain... Problem 109CP: An 8.00-g sample of SO3 was placed in an evacuated container, where it decomposed at 600C according... Problem 110CP: A sample of iron(II) sulfate was heated in an evacuated container to 920 K, where the following... Problem 111CP Problem 112CP: A sample of N2O4(g) is placed in an empty cylinder at 25c. After equilibrium is reached the total... Problem 113CP: A sample of gaseous nitrosyl bromide (NOBr) was placed in a container tiued with a frictionless,... Problem 114CP: The equilibrium constant Kp for the reaction CCl4(g)C(s)+2Cl2(g) at 700C is 0.76. Determine the... Problem 115IP: For the reaction NH3(g)+H2S(g)NH4HS(s) K = 400. at 35.0C. If 2.00 moles each of NH3, H2S, and NH4HS... Problem 116IP: Given K = 3.50 at 45C for the reaction A(g)+B(g)C(g) and K = 7.10 at 45C for the reaction... Problem 117IP: In a solution with carbon tetrachloride as the solvent, the compound VCl4. undergoes dimerization:... Problem 118IP: The hydrocarbon naphthalene was frequently used in mothballs until recently, when it was discovered... Problem 119MP: A gaseous material XY(g) dissociates to some extent to produce X(g) and Y(g): XY(g)X(g)+Y(g) A... Problem 6RQ: Distinguish between the terms equilibrium constant and reaction quotient. When Q = K, what does this...
Related questions
Question:
Consider the chemical reaction and thermochemical information and initial partial pressures of the reaction components given below: 4HCl(g) + O2 (g) ⇌ 2H2 O(g) + 2Cl2 (g)
ΔHf ° (kJ/mol)
S° (J mol-1 K-1 )
P (atm)
H2 O
-241.83
188.84
0.366
Cl2
0.00
223.08
0.711
HCl
-92.31
186.90
1.41
O2
0.00
205.70
2.87
Determine ΔG (in kJ) for this reaction at 364.64 K. Assume ΔH°f and S° do not vary as a function of temperature. Report your answer to two decimal places in standard notation (i.e. 123.45 kJ).
Study of body parts and their functions. In this combined field of study, anatomy refers to studying the body structure of organisms, whereas physiology refers to their function.
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