Consider the following NFG: X A (a,b) B (1/2a, 2b) (2a, b) Y (1/2a, 2b) Assume that a > 0,b>0. Which is the complete set of Nash Equilibria in mixed strategies? (21.3.1) O ((1,0), (1,0)),(³,1),(1, 1)) O ((1,0), (1,0)), ((0,1),(0,1)) a b -).(+/-)) a+b'a+b 2'2
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- Two business partners jointly own a firm and share equally the revenues. They individually and simultaneously decide how much effort to put into the firm. Let s₁ and s2 denote the effort choices of partner 1 and partner 2, respectively. Assume si € [0, 4]. The cost of effort is given by s? for i E {1, 2}. The firm's revenue is given by 4(81 +82 + bs182) where 0 ≤ b ≤ 1. (Note that the parameter 6 reflects the synergies between the effort levels. b> 0 implies that the more one partner works, the more productive the other partner is.) The payoffs for partners 1 and 2 are: u₁ (81, 82) u2 (81, 82) - = 1 [4(81 +82 +68182)] − 8² - 1 [4(81 +82 + bs182)] – $²In the following symmetric general sum game (2, 2) (0,0) (0,0) (0,0) (0,0) (2, 2) (0,0) (2,2) (0,0) (i) Find all pure Nash equilibria. (ii) Find all mixed Nash equilibria in which all probabilities are positive. (vi) Which of these are evolutionary stable strategies?(d) Consider a simultaneous-move game between two firms choosing to sell their product at either £6, £7 or £8. The actions and payoffs are given in the matrix below. Firm 2's Prices £6 £7 £8 Firm 1's prices £6 4, 5 3, 5 2, 1 £7 0,4 2, 1 3,0 £8 -1, 1 4, 3 0, 2 What are the Nash equilibria of this game? Game theory is often used by firms competing under an oligopoly as a means of determining their best strategy. Why is game theory a useful tool and which characteristics of an oligopoly make it particularly useful for firms competing in this market structure? One outcome of an oligopoly is that firms may have an incentive to collude. Explain some of the conditions that make collusion more likely to occur and how game theory can explain why collusive agreements often break down.
- Consider the following game. Firm 1 can implement one of two actions, A or B. Firm 2 observes the action chosen by Firm 1 and then decides whether to fight it or not. (-10, 20) F2 Fight A Don't fight -(30, 10) Firm 1 (-10, 0) Fight B Don't fight -(20, 15) (a) Consider the following strategy profile: Firm 1 chooses A; Firm 2 chooses fight if A, and fight if B. • this strategy profile is [Select] (b) Consider the following strategy profile: Firm 1 chooses B; Firm 2 chooses fight if A, and don't fight if B. • this strategy profile is [Select] O (c) Consider the following strategy profile: Firm 1 chooses B; Firm 2 chooses don't fight if A and don't fight if B. • this strategy profile is [Select] 00 F2 ()Consider the following extensive form game between player 1 and player 2. T B (2, 2) L R R (3, 1) (0, 0) (5, 0) (0, 1) (a). Find the normal form representation of this game. (show the bimatrix) (b). Find all pure strategy NE. (c). Which of these equilibria are subgame perfect?Question 1 Consider the following game. Find all Nash equilibria, subgame perfect Nash equilibria, and weak perfect Bayesian equilibria in pure and mixed strategies. a P2 (12, 12) b (12,-8) (7.-3) P1 m d (-3,2) r P2 C (2,7) d (22,17)
- Two workers are on a production line. They each have two actions: exert effort, E, or shirk, S. Effort costs a worker e > 0 and shirking costs them nothing. If two workers do action E a lot of output is produced and the workers earn £3 each. If only one worker chooses action E less output is produced and they both earn £1. The workers earn nothing if they both shirk. (i) Describe this situation as a strategic form game (assuming the workers do not observe each other's effort choice when making their own decision). (ii) For what values of e does this game have strictly dominant strategies? (iii) Describe the Nash equilibria of this game for e = 0,1, 2, 3. (iv) The workers now are re-arranged into a production line. First worker 1 moves and then worker 2 moves. Worker 2 can now see worker l's effort level before they choose their effort. Draw this extensive form game. (v) Find the subgame perfect equilibria of the production-line game for c = 1/2 and c = 3/2.2- Consider the following game. Player 2 Player 1 U 12, 2 | 3, 9 5, 8 4, 2 D (a) Find all the Nash equilibria, pure and mixed. (b) Suppose that the payoff of the column player u:(D, L) is reduced from 8 to 6, but all other payoffs remain the same. Again, find all the pure- and mixed-strategy Nash equilibria. (c) Compare the mixed-strategy equilibria in parts (a) and (b). Did this worsening in one of player 2's payoffs change player 2's equilibrium mixed strategy? Did it change player l's? Give some intuition.Suppose now we alter the game so that whenever Colin chooses "paper" the loser pays the winner 3 instead of 1: rock paper scissors rock 0. -3 1 1. раper scissors -1 -1 3 (a) Show that xT= (,) and yT= (5) together are not a Nash equilibrium 3'31 for this modified 3'3 game. (b) Formulate a linear program that can be used to calculate a mixed strategy x € A(R) that maximises Rosemary's security level for this modified game. (c) Solve your linear program using the 2-phase simplex algorithm. You should use the format given in lectures. Give a mixed strategy x E A(R) that has an optimal security level for Rosemary and a mixed strategy y E A(C) that has an optimal security level for Colin.
- Q2 Consider the following game. (a) Find all pure-strategy Nash equilibria. (b) Find all mixed-strategy Nash equilibria. 2, 4 6, 0 5,1 1,9 A ВNE 2). Consider the following extensive form game between two players. (1,10) u D 1 B X (a) List all pure strategies of player 2. (b) Represent this game in normal form. (c) Find all pure-strategy Nash equilibria of this game. (d) Find all SPNE (in pure strategies) of this game. (6,3) (4,2) (5,1)Consider again the normal form of the Prisoner's dilemma game. Determine any Nash Equilibrium. Player 2 R (-10,-10) (-1,-25) (-25,-1) (-3,-3) C Player 1 R