Consider two systems A and B connected with each other and bound to stop and wait protocol. System A needed to transfer 570 packets to system B but system A ended up sending 750 packets in the link. The error in the link is percentage?
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- In protocol 6, the code for frame arrival has a section used for NAKs. This section is invoked if the incoming frame is a NAK and another condition is met. Give a scenario where the presence of this other condition is essential.A packet switch receives a packet and determines the outbound link to which the packet should be forwarded. When the packet arrives, one other packet is halfway done being transmitted on this outbound link and four other packets are waiting to be transmitted. Packets are transmitted in order of arrival. Suppose all packets are 1,500 bytes and the link rate is 2 Mbps. What is the queuing delay for the packet? More generally, what is the queuing delay when all packets have length L, the transmission rate is R, x bits of the currently-being-transmitted packet have been transmitted, and n packets are already in the queue?Explain the flow control of TCP protocol when the size of the sliding window will be 500 and the first client sends 201, 301, 402, 455, 330, and once acknowledgments will receive client will send 602. Make a flow control of these packets
- Consider sending a 3500-byte datagram that has arrived at a router R₁ that needs to be sent over a link that has an MTU size of 1000 bytes to R2. Then it has to traverse a link with an MTU of 600 bytes. Let the identification number of the original datagram be 465. How many fragments are delivered at the destination? Show the parameters associated with each of these fragments.Consider a simple protocol for transferring files over a link. After some initial negotiation, A sends data packets of size 1 KB to B; B then replies with an acknowledgment. A always waits for each ACK before sending the next data packet; this is known as stop-and-wait. Packets that are overdue are presumed lost and are retransmitted. (a) In the absence of any packet losses or duplications, explain why it is not necessary to include any "sequence number" data in the packet headers. (b) Suppose that the link can lose occasional packets, but that packets that do arrive always arrive in the order sent. Is a 2-bit sequence number (that is, N mod 4) enough for A and B to detect and resend any lost packets? Is a 1-bit sequence number enough? (c) Now suppose that the link can deliver out of order and that sometimes a packet can be delivered as much as 1 minute after subsequent packets. How does this change the sequence number requirements?Consider the Go-Back-N (GBN) and Selective Repeat (SR) protocols with a sender window size of 4 and a sequence number range of 1024. For each of these protocols, describe what happens for the following cases: The first packet in the sender window size is lost before reaching the destination. All transmitted packets reached the destination except the third one. Only the first and last packets in the sender window size reached the destination. Only the ACKs of the first and last packets, in the sender window size, reached the destination.
- Question 7 Consider the Go-back-N protocol with a sequence number space {0,1,2,3} and a window size N=3, and suppose that the sender wants to send 7 packets in total (excluding retransmissions), where the first packet sent will get sequence number 0. Assume that the 2-nd packet sent by the sender as well as the first ACK with a sequence number of 2 are both lost. All other messages arrive within 1 unit of time, and the sender uses a timeout value of 4 time units before initiating a retransmission. You can assume that the sender sends all packets as soon as possible and we neglect the transmission delay. • List all sequence numbers in the exact order in which they arrive at the receiver. (Note that this includes sequence numbers of packets sent in retransmission.) • What are the values of the send_base and the rcv_base variables after the sender has received the ack for its final packet?It is possible for a series of packets to be sent from one host to another over the same connection. Please break down the time it takes for a single package to go from beginning to conclusion. Is it expected that one of the delays would last a certain period of time while the other delay's length will be more malleable?Consider a TCP connection betweek two hosts between A and B. The first data byte sent by A is numbered 1. The LastByteRcvd at B is 500. Then, the range of values SendBase at A may take is from to 500
- Question 5: Suppose you attach a network monitor to observe the sequence of frames that travel over a link from sender A to receiver B. The problem is to deduce what protocols, if any, could have generated the observed sequence. The following diagrams depict a flow of frames, with their corresponding sequence numbers, from the sender (A). There may be traffic from B to A, which is not depicted in the diagram. A gap between adjacent frames implies passage of time with no transmission from the sender. Note that the x-axis is time, and not space. Justify your answer. A A A ● ● ● ● 1 5 ● 3 5 0 ● 0 0 1 1 1 ● Go-Back-N ● Selective Repeat 1 0 5 0 c) For Diagram 3, the protocol is not: Stop-and-Wait Time Diagram 1 2 Time a) For Diagram 1, the most likely protocol being used is: Stop-and-Wait ● Go-Back-N (if Go-Back-N, give the window size) Selective Repeat (if Selective Repeat, give the window size) Diagram 2 Time 3 Diagram 3 1 Time b) For Diagram 2, the most likely protocol being used is:…P27. Host A and B are communicating over a TCP connection, and Host B has already received from A all bytes up through byte 126. Suppose Host A then sends two segments to Host B back-to-back. The first and second segments contain 80 and 40 bytes of data, respectively. In the first segment, the sequence number is 127, the source port number is 302, and the destination port number is 80. Host B sends an acknowledgment whenever it receives a segment from Host A. In the second segment sent from Host A to B, what are the sequence number, source port number, and destination port number? If the first segment arrives before the second segment, in the acknowledgment of the first arriving segment, what is the acknowledgment number, the source port number, and the destination port number? If the second segment arrives before the first segment, in the acknowledgment of the first arriving segment, what is the acknowledgment number? Suppose the two segments sent by A arrive in order at B.…Host A and B are communicating over a TCP connection, and Host B has already received all bytes up through byte 100 (including Byte 100) from A. Suppose Host A then sends two packets to Host B back-to-back. The first and second packets contain 40 and 80 bytes of data, respectively. Host B sends an acknowledgment whenever it receives a packet from Host A. a. What is the sequence number of the first packet sent from Host A to Host B? What is the sequence number of the second packet sent from Host A to Host B? b. If the second packet arrives before the first packet, in the acknowledgment of the first arriving packet, what is the acknowledgment number? .