Define the following terms: a. catalytic dyad b. transition state theory c. hydroxide ion catalysis d. reaction intermediate e. proximity and orientation effects
Enzyme kinetics
In biochemistry, enzymes are proteins that act as biological catalysts. Catalysis is the addition of a catalyst to a chemical reaction to speed up the pace of the reaction. Catalysis can be categorized as either homogeneous or heterogeneous, depending on whether the catalysts are distributed in the same phase as that of the reactants. Enzymes are an essential part of the cell because, without them, many organic processes would slow down and thus will affect the processes that are important for cell survival and sustenance.
Regulation of Enzymes
A substance that acts as a catalyst to regulate the reaction rate in the living organism's metabolic pathways without itself getting altered is an enzyme. Most of the biological reactions and metabolic pathways in the living systems are carried out by enzymes. They are specific for their works and work in particular conditions. It maintains the best possible rate of reaction in the most stable state. The enzymes have distinct properties as they can proceed with the reaction in any direction, their particular binding sites, pH specificity, temperature specificity required in very few amounts.
Define the following terms:
a. catalytic dyad
b. transition state theory
c. hydroxide ion catalysis
d. reaction intermediate
e. proximity and orientation effects
BASIC INFORMATION
ENZYMES
They are the catalyst.
They help in accelerating the chemical reaction.
Substrate are the molecules on which the enzymes act.
The combination of enzyme and substrate forms the products.
These are basically the proteins specifically globular.
They work only at optimum temperature and pressure.
ANSWER
1) Catalytic dyad :
It is present in enzymes and as the name suggests there is presence of set of two co - ordinated amino acids which are present in the active site of the enzymes. There is presence of hydroxyl group which can act as a nucleophile.
2) Transition state theory :
This theory is known by another name also that is activated - complex theory or as Theory of absolute reaction rates. In this at an equilibrium state there is formation of an activated complex. According to the number of activated complexes the final state is defined.
3) Hydroxide ion catalysts :
This hydroxide ion can act a base catalyst. The base attracts proton the acid which is weak in order to form an intermediate that will further react with another type of reagent. Examples include Alcohols, Phenols, Amines etc.
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