Describe the effects of the over-expression of mdm2 on cell proliferation and apoptosis on cell signaling pathways and metabolism or cell cycle control.
Q: Relative Relative H3/H4 Acetylation Relative H3 Acetylation H4 Acetylation DON -4Kb -3Kb -2Kb -1Kb…
A: DNA is responsible for carrying genetic information in cells. DNA is packaged into condensed form…
Q: TNF-alpha treatment of prostate carcinoma, LNCAP cells decreases cell survival as shown in the graph…
A: * TNF inhibitors are the drugs helps to prevent inflammation to grow which are used to to treat…
Q: When Ras is activated, cells will divide. A dominant-negative form of Ras clings too tightly to GDP.…
A: The activation of Ras takes place along the guanine nucleotide exchange which by releasing the bound…
Q: Describe the general process of cell signalling pathways: what events take place for a signal to…
A: * mainly there are Three Stages of Cell Signaling . The first one is reception and here the signal…
Q: Compare and contrast the regulation of Ras with trimeric G proteins
A: Given: Need to compare and contrast the difference between Ras protein with trimeric G protein.
Q: After the initial Actualization of the Cit+ phenotype, there was another alteration to the A-3…
A: Bacteria are dynamically evolving microbes. Various experiments suggest the evolution process of…
Q: Describe an example of a pathological condition that results in mutants genes that control…
A: TGF-Beta: - Signal Transduction Pathway and Components: - It is a SMAD pathway. It starts with TGF-β…
Q: a. A typical cellular response of a mammary epithelial cell to EGF signal is proliferation. the Kd…
A: Proliferation is the cellular response.
Q: ne epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) activates a complex signaling network - increase…
A: The example shown in the question shows the ligand binding and the cascading of effects that is…
Q: Is the presence of oncogenic Ras necessary for transient inflammatory stimulation to induce chronic…
A: Inflammation predispose to the development of cancer & promotes all stages of tumorigenesis
Q: Explain why in cells that are genetically NF1–/–, basal levels of GTP-bound activated Ras are higher…
A: Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is a typical hereditary problem portrayed by various neurofibromas,…
Q: Members of a family are affected by a hereditary inflammatory and immunodeficiency disease. The…
A: Co-dominance:Co dominance is when the both genetypic alleles are seen in phenotype. Dominant…
Q: Applying signal transduction mechanisms in the context of Type I and Type II Diabetes. Describe the…
A: In patients with type 1 diabetes, the insulin hormone is not secreted or it is secreted in very less…
Q: Many studies have indicated that autophagy and apoptosis play an important role in the pathogenesis…
A: The abstract is the most concise part of the research article where the results and conclusions are…
Q: Activation of p53 during cellular stress will generally Select one: o a. Increase transcription of…
A: P553 is a tumor suppressor gene.
Q: - Below are two cell signalling pathways that work together to regulate cell growth, proliferation…
A: This pathway is receptor tyrosione kinase.
Q: Lung cell cancers are often associated with genetic changes in the EGFR/MAPK signaling pathway. One…
A: The cancer occurs in the body because of excessive growth and cell division in the cancer part of…
Q: Select from the drop-down menu which type of regulation is occurring in each case. The Ixb12 gene…
A: Gene regulation is a mechanism of controlling the function of gene and it's associated mRNA and…
Q: Referring to the signalling diagrams, complete the table below. Consider how cell signalling will…
A: Biological processes taking place inside a cell are complex molecular interactions known as cell…
Q: Glycogen synthetase kinase 3 beta is a protein kinase that has been mplicated in many types of…
A: Answer: GLYCOGEN SYNTHTASE KINASE-3- BETA = It is a protein kinase can be identified as an enzyme,…
Q: Some cancers are caused by the overexpression of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKS). It is known that…
A: Introduction RTKs Are High-Affinity Cell Surface Receptors For A Variety Of Polypeptide Growth…
Q: RTK pathway leading to the phosphorylation of Rb to form p-Rb.
A: Receptor tyrosine kinase pathway helps in regulation of embryonic development aspects. Extracellular…
Q: Suggest a mechanism by which ARF leads to p53 build-up.
A: p53 protein gets activated when there is a damage in DNA sequence which can be induced by any other…
Q: GC (Glycocorticoids) binds to the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), which leads to the transcription of…
A: Receptors are structures made of proteins that transduce signals in the cells upon binding of the…
Q: Describe an example of a pathological condition that results in mutants genes that control…
A: Inducing Facto Signal Transduction Pathway and Components ssociated Pathogen Developmental Functions…
Q: Individuals with the hereditary disorder ataxia telangiectasia suffer from neurodegeneration,…
A: Ataxia-telangiectasia is a genetic disorder caused by a point mutation in the ATM gene.
Q: Changes in the activity of a variety of Cdks are essential for accurate progression through the cell…
A: A series of events which takes place in a cell due to which it divides and forms two daughter cells…
Q: The output of RTK pathways is often the activation of MAP Kinase. Explain how MAPK can lead to…
A: There are many intercellular signaling pathways processing in the cells. RTK pathway is a…
Q: Signaling pathways often require receptor dimers to become active. What would be an advantage of the…
A: Most receptors dimerize during their association with their ligands. This dimerization provides them…
Q: TNF-alpha treatment of prostate carcinoma, LNCAP cells decreases cell survival as shown in the graph…
A: Apoptosis Apoptosis is the programmed death of cell in multicellular organisms.
Q: Discuss the family of nuclear hormone receptors and explain how ligand binding to such a receptor…
A: The structure of ligand receptor complex allows it to recruit co activators. When the ligand bind to…
Q: B) If a tumor-promoting mutation in the gene that codes for Kinase A generates an always active…
A: There are two types of functional mutations. 1) gain of function mutations 2) loss of function…
Q: type Kinase A activates mitosis type CDKI inactivates mitosis type Kinase A can inactivate CDKi…
A: Cell cycle consists of following phases S, G1, G2 and M phase. All these phases are related with the…
Q: You established two cell lines (Cell line X and Cell line Y) from colon cancer patients and both of…
A: Wnt Signalling Pathways Are A Collection Of Signal Transduction Pathways That Start With Proteins…
Q: When the gene encoding a certain cellular kinase is deleted, the resulting mutant cells arrest in…
A: Answers : fusion protein are the proteins which are synthesized in the laboratory for the…
Q: - Below are two cell signalling pathways that work together to regulate cell growth, proliferation…
A: According to question The hydrolysis of GTP to GDP is a reversible reaction. The Gibbs energy given…
Q: Which of the following would most likely reduce levels of active estrogen to potentially modulate…
A: Introduction Estrogens are a class of hormones that plays a vital function in women's sexual and…
Q: either loss of responsiveness to a given hormone or production of a continuous signal even in the…
A: Introduction: Mutations which identified in the catalytic subunit (C) of the cAMP-dependent…
Q: Describe the common signal transduction event that is perturbed by cancer-promoting mutations in the…
A: Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is a genetic disorder that runs in families. Peripheral…
Q: In the pathway below, normal signalling driving cell division requires a mitogen (ligand), an RTK,…
A: Mutations are alterations in the DNA sequence of an organism. Small changes, such as adding or…
Q: For each of the following situations, provide a plausible explanation for how it could lead to…
A: “Since you have asked multiple question, we will solve the first question for you. If you want any…
Q: Cancer is driven by alterations in the expression of critical genes, namely tumour suppressors,…
A: Introduction Cancer is popular disease now a day. In US, 1 in 2 women and 1 in 3 men develops cancer…
Q: which of hthe following would result in a persisting proliferation response to growth factor…
A: In the on state Ras protein remains active and is GTP bound whereas in the off state it is inactive…
Q: Identify which cartooned cell phenotype (A-C) would most likely be caused by the mutants described…
A: Cell cycle checkpoints are control mechanisms that ensure the normal course of the eukaryotic cell…
Q: List the three 'effector' signaling pathways activated by the Ras protein.
A: Ras protein is a low-molecular-weight GDP/GTP-binding guanine triphosphatase encoded by the Ras…
Q: While investigating the function of a specific growth factor receptor gene from humans, researchers…
A: Growth factors work by engaging with certain cell surface receptors to control cellular…
Q: Which of the following is associated with a decrease in cell-cell interactions? Select one: a. loss…
A: Option e. is correct . Loss of E-cadherin is associated with a decrease in cell-cell interactions.
Q: I just read an abstract of the paper “Disulfide bond-disrupting agents activate the tumor necrosis…
A: The TNF or Tumour Necrosis Factor receptors are Cysteine Rich Domain (CRD) containing Receptors. It…
Q: Why do cancer cells undergo EMT and MET? What are the cellular changes (expression or suppression of…
A: Answer
Describe the effects of the over-expression of mdm2 on cell proliferation and apoptosis on cell signaling pathways and
Briefly explain the normal role of each component in the context of the pathway and why its loss or modification would have the expected effect.
Trending now
This is a popular solution!
Step by step
Solved in 2 steps
- Changes in the activity of a variety of Cdks are essential for accurate progression through the cell cycle, and yet the levels of Cdk expression are fairly constant during the cell cycle. Briefly describe three mechanisms by which the activity of Cdks is regulated.Describe the effects of the mutation causing the p21 promoter to no longer bind p53 on cell signaling pathways and metabolism or cell cycle control.Describe the general process of cell signalling pathways: what events take place for a signal to cause cellular changes? Provide examples and how perturbation of these events can result in “cancer pathways”. In addition, describe in detail a typical cancer pathway and its strategy to activate gene expression. What is the origin of many cancer pathways, i.e., during which stage of an organism’s live process(es) are they physiologically activated? Why is this important for cancer development?
- Signaling pathways often require receptor dimers to become active. What would be an advantage of the extrinsic apoptosis pathway requiring a trimer? I note from the article "Nature Reviews, Cancer 16:539, 2016" the following: The extrinsic apoptotic pathway, upon binding to their cognate ligand, death receptors such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) receptor (TRAILR) and FAS can activate initiator caspases (caspase-8 and caspase-10) through dimerization mediated by adaptor proteins such as FAS-associated death domain protein (FADD). Active caspase-8 and caspase-10 then cleave and activate the effector caspase-3 and caspase-7, leading to apoptosis. I can't think of any other pathway that uses a trimer, so there must be a reason. Glad an exprt can help.The output of RTK pathways is often the activation of MAP Kinase. Explain how MAPK can lead to activation of a specific subset of proteins, leading to distinct effects in different cell types in response to the same growth signal.Chemotherapeutic agents can promote apoptosis in cancer cells by these mechanisms except; Group of answer choices Downregulating MCL1 expression Increasing BCL-2 expression Increased p53 expression Increased BIM (BH-3) expression
- Once an activated signaling pathway has elicited the proper changes in target gene expression, the pathway must be inactivated. Otherwise, pathological consequences may result, as exemplified by persistent growth factor initiated signaling in many cancers. Many signaling pathways possess intrinsic negative feedback by which a downstream event in a pathway turns off an upstream event. Describe the negative feedback that down-regulates signals induced by (a) erythropoietin and (b) TGF-β.A temperature-sensitive mutant yeast strain stops dividing when shifted from 25°C to 37°C. These cells are analyzed at different temperatures by a machine that measures the amount of DNA they contain, and the following graphs are obtained. number of cells number of cells [ Select] [Select] [Select] 25°C [Select] مل Cells in G1 phase should have [Select] Which of the following would explain the behavior of your mutant? Mark yes or no for each of the following choices. 2 amount of DNA/cell (arbitrary units) 37°C 1 2 amount of DNA/cell (arbitrary units) unit(s) amount of DNA. ✓ Inability to initiate DNA replication Defect in chromosome condensation ✓Defect in centrosome duplication ✓Defect in cytokinesisDrug A323 inhibits the activity of the cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) - G1 cyclin complex. Consider possible effects of the drug on the cell cycle of normal and malignant cells. Predict what is likely to happen if the drug is added to the cell types described in A). Motivate your answers and describe the role of cycle-regulatory pathways that are relevant with respect to the action. of drug A323. A) Carcinoma cells in which both allels of the Rb gene carries loss of function mutation.
- Explain why in cells that are genetically NF1–/–, basal levels of GTP-bound activated Ras are higher than normal and respond to growth factor stimulation by increasing rapidly to far higher levels.Below are two cell signalling pathways that work together to regulate cell growth, proliferation and ultimately the size of organs in O.Extremus. In other closely related organisms, dysfunction of these pathways has been associated with tumor growth. mTOR pathway: 1. Growth factors bind and stimulate the receptors. 2. Receptors can activate the phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3K) – Akt signaling pathway. 3. The activated Akt, a serine threonine kinase, inhibits theTSC1–TSC2 complex, allowing Rheb to activate mTORC1. 4. In parallel, amino acids activate the mTORC1 pathway through a mechanism requiring the Rag– Ragulator complex. Hippo pathway: 1. The binding of the ligand activates the receptors which activate Mst and Lats. 2. YAP activity is modulated by phosphorylation of Mst and Lats. YAP upregulates miR-29, which in turn downregulates PTEN, an inhibitor of PI(3)K and Akt. So, the two pathways crosstalk and coordinate cell number and growth. a) What purpose does this forward…Plasma PDGF levels can be a diagnostic marker for severity and progression of breast cancer. The assay data below shows the plasma levels of PDGF in normal individuals, Stage II and Stage IV (More severe). You are treating a patient with breast cancer and assay indicates that their plasma PDGF level 6 fmoles/ 100 uL.Based on this info, in which stages has this patient's cancer progressed? Explain what process this patient's tumor has likely undergone and which cell types you would expect to now be associated with this tumor.