Q: Suggest reasons why developing a safe and effective vaccine usually takes many years.
A: Vaccines are made by taking weak strains or killed viruses or bacteria so that they can't reproduce…
Q: Give an example of autoimmune disease.
A: The immune system is a complex system of the body that includes cellular as well as molecular…
Q: Discuss invasive factors and virulence factors.
A: Bacteria invades the cell with the help of different mechanisms. Different factors affect the entry…
Q: Explain the difference between the oral polio vaccine and the inactivated polio vaccine, and under…
A: Poliomyelitis is a virus infection. The poliovirus affects the brain, muscles, and spinal cord. The…
Q: A.) What four factors must be present for an infection to spread? susceptible B.) What is the…
A: Infection is a health condition that occurs because of the invasion of pathogenic microorganisms or…
Q: Describe host tissue specificity for pathogens.
A: A pathogen is anything which is capable of causing disease in an organism. Germs or any infectious…
Q: Describe the exposure, adherence, invasion, and infection of the common flu virus.
A: There are four kinds of influenza virus. Influenza A is the very frequently occurring one, followed…
Q: Describe how both active and passive immunization can be used to combat tetanus.
A: Injecting the antibodies into the systemic circulation is the process involved in artificially…
Q: Describe the role of non-specific macrophages in preventing infection
A: The immune system of the body protects the organisms from the harmful pathogen. Pathogens are the…
Q: Explain the various causes of Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) ?
A: Step 1 Immuno-deficiency diseases are diseases caused by a defect in one or more components of…
Q: List four benefits of fever.
A: Fever is the most common presenting complaint in the medical practice. It is defined as a body…
Q: Explain the mechanism of immediate allergies, including theconcepts of IgE, mast cells,…
A: Immunology is the branch of medical science that deals with the study of the immune system and…
Q: Describe the requirements for adherence and colonization.
A: Microbial Pathogenesis is a complex process by which microbes can infect a host. Pathogens utilize a…
Q: Integrate leukocyte distribution within the host with host resistance
A: Introduction Immunity: it is the property/capability of our system to fight against the harmful…
Q: Describe the events that result in a rash after exposure to poison ivy.
A: Poison ivy is an oak plant called Toxicodendron radicans that can cause skin allergy called contact…
Q: Describe the effects of Mycobacterium avium complex in AIDS patients.
A: A microorganism, or microbe, is an organism of microscopic size, which may exist in its…
Q: Compare and contrast atopic allergy and type IV (delayed)hypersensitivity as to mechanism, symptoms,…
A: Atopy is a chronic allergy that is characterized by the immediate beginning of manifestations. Type…
Q: Explain the mechanisms of immune complex disease.
A: Antigen–antibody deposition and complement activation characterise immune complex illnesses, which…
Q: Explain the reasons for changes in antibody titer for a singleinfectious agent, from the acute phase…
A: Antigen is a foreign particle or infectious agent which elicits the immune response in one body and…
Q: Summarize the physiological effects of allergies that cause majorsymptoms.
A: Allergies are a number of conditions that is caused by hypersensitivity of the immune system to the…
Q: Describe some factors that weaken host defenses and increase susceptibility to infection.
A: Introduction We are surrounded by various pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, fungus etc. Every…
Q: Define the different types of graft rejection.
A: Introduction The immune system of a transplant recipient fights the transplanted organ or tissue…
Q: Describe the reasons of extensive usage of corticosteroids in the treatment of autoimmune diseases…
A: Corticosteroids are the anti inflammatory drugs which lowers the inflammation in the body.…
Q: Describe the molecules or structures that facilitate pathogenadherence to host tissues.
A: The cell surface receptor or appendages that are known to favor the attachment of bacteria to the…
Q: Explain the concept of allergies and name some symptoms
A: About 50 million Americans suffer from one or another type of allergy. It includes millions of…
Q: Define the term “mode of transmission” and the types involved.
A: The "mode of transmission" is the route or course of transfer by which the infectious…
Q: What is the cause of theimmunodeficiency presentedby AIDS patients?
A: AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) is a chronic, non-infectious disease that compromises the…
Q: Describe the production of influenza vaccine.
A: A virus is a submicroscopic infectious particle that replicates only inside the living cells of an…
Q: Define allergy/hypersensitivity and explain what accounts for thereactions that occur in these…
A: The immune system consists of organs and processes of the body that provides resistance to infection…
Q: Explain the factors that reactivate the dormant herpes virus
A: Herpes is a term used for the disease caused by herpes viruses, mostly affect the skin and nervous…
Q: Give some examples of allergens and explain their routes of accessto the body.
A: Basic definition Allergens as the name suggests are the things which causes allergies. The…
Q: Explain innate Immunity and Fungal Infection.
A: Introduction :- Immunity refers to a multicellular organism's ability to resist dangerous pathogens.…
Q: Summarize the physiological eff ects of type I allergies that lead to symptoms.
A: Pollen, molds, animal dander, latex, certain foods, and insect stings are examples of generally…
Q: Explain how the host responds to the infection of pathogens.
A: Answer :- There are several ways tothe host responds to the infection of pathogens are as follow :-…
Q: List and describe the four methods by which infection can be transferred from the source to the host
A: Infection is caused in our bodies by various pathogens. The pathogen enters the body and affects the…
Q: Identify the classification of host Defenses.
A: Introduction We are surrounded by various pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, fungus etc. Every…
Q: Explain in detail the pathogenesis of DM Type 1 & 2 and DKA
A: Diabetes mellitus is an endocrine disorder that increases the levels of glucose in the blood. The…
Q: List the systemic responses to infection or injury and the mediators responsible for them?
A: The systemic responses to injury or trauma are divided into cardiovascular, immunological, and…
Q: Explain the three mechanisms of graft rejections: (i) Hyperacute rejection (ii) Acute rejection…
A: Graft rejection occurs when the beneficiary's immune system attacks the donated graft and starts to…
Q: Identify commonalities and differences between type II and type III hypersensitivities.
A: The procedure through which an individual's immune system is strengthened against an infectious…
Q: How are antivenomsproduced? Why areantivenoms an example ofpassive immunization?
A: Antivenoms are substances which are used to counteract venomous substances from other organisms to…
Q: Discuss the mechanism of fever and how it helps defend the body.
A: Introduction: Fever is also known as Pyrexia, which refers to having a body temperature beyond the…
Q: Describe the categories of grafts and how rejection is prevented.
A: Grafting is a surgical procedure to move tissue from one position to another on the body or from…
Q: What are the Common allergens classified by portal of entry?
A: A material that can produce an allergic reaction is referred to as an allergen. The immune system of…
Q: Describe the mechanism behind fever, and explain its beneficialand harmful effects.
A: When a body’s temperature is being increased above the normal range of 36° to 37° C, it is called…
Describe the factors determining host resistance.
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