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- 8. Define heart attack and infarct. How does atherosclerotic plaque affect the heart? 12. Explain how cardiac muscle cells in the SA node produce action potentials spontaneously and why the SA node is the heart’s pacemaker. 13. What is the function of the conduction system of the heart? Starting with the SA node, describe the route of an action potential as it goes through the conduction system of the heart.6. Which of the following statements concerning the differences between action potentials in skeletal muscle cells and in ventricular cardiac muscle cells is TRUE? A)The efflux of K+ repolarizes skeletal muscle cells after an action potential, while repolarization in cardiac muscle cells is due to the efflux of Ca2+ B)Unlike skeletal muscle cells, the initial depolarization of ventricular cells is mainly due to Ca2+ influx, not Na+ influx C)Action potentials in skeletal muscle cells are longer in duration than action potentials in cardiac muscle cells D)After sodium influx through voltage gated channels occurs in ventricular cells, prolong influx of calcium from the extracellular fluid occurs. No such calcium influx occurs in skeletal muscle cells. E)Like skeletal muscle cells, ventricular cardiac muscle cells have a resting potential primarily dependent on sodium.14. Define the term pacemaker potential (=drifting potential) and be able to identify it when given a graph of an action potential in an autorhythmic cell such as the one below. Membrane Potential (mv) +20 -20 -40 -60 0 sec и 0.8 sec = 800 msec Time Juárez de Ku BIOL 2402-Anatomy & Physiology II 1.6 sec -1600 msec Page 7 of 16
- 2.A. 1. 2. 3. 4. |||| ential (mv) 13. State the channels involved in an action potential in cardiac AUTORHYTHMIC cells, which ion moves across the channel, which direction each ion moves across the channel when the channel opens, the approximate membrane potential at which the channel is fully open. +20 !!| CE - | Channel AaBbCcDdEe AaBbCcD. AaBBCEDE Aal Emphasis Heading 1 Normal lon? Influx or Efflux? 14. Define the term pacemaker potential (=drifting potential) and be able to identify it when given a graph of an action potential in an autorhythmic cell such as the one below. I Membrane Potential at which channel opens or is fully open (mv)2. Draw a ventricular muscle cell action potential. Describe the changes in membrane permeability that underlie the potential changes. What prevents the heart from undergoing summation of contractions?9. Which of the following is/are true? More than one answer may be correct. Choose all that apply) as end-diastolic volume increases, the volume of blood ejected through the aortic semilunar valve increases as sympathetic stimulation of the heart increases, the strength of contraction increases and duration of contraction decreases sympathetic stimulation of cardiac contractile cells increases calcium ion release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum O sympathetic stimulation of the cardiac contractile cells increases the re-uptake of calcium ion by the calcium ATPase pump
- 2: A different patient (not the one above!!) had to have Atropine administered, which is a parasympathetic antagonist. FIRST, describe what the parasympathetic system does to the heart, including what neurotransmitter it uses and the mechanism of action on the heart. NEXT, explain the effects atropine would have on the heart and whyone common side effect is dry mouth. 3: You also tended to a verbose and flamboyantly dressed zookeeper who came in with a gun strapped to his waist (remember, no names! Lawsuits! HIPPA!). He had been mauled by a tiger and an artery had been hit, causing loss of blood. Describethe immediate cardiovascular reflex this patient’s body started to counter the sudden drop in blood volume and the effects that reflex would have on the cardiovascular system.4. Compare the action potentials of contractile cardiac muscle, autorhythmic cardiac muscle and skeletal muscle. Include similarities and differences. Mention resting membrane potential, pacemaker potential, If channels, sodium voltage-gated channels, potassium voltage-gated channels, calcium voltage-gated channels, depolarization, repolarization, hyperpolarization, pacemaker.1. Ventral tegmental area (VTA) neurons in the brain have been implicated in the etiology of symptoms of substance use disorders, but a mechanism of action has not been elucidated. At rest (steady-state), VTA neurons have an internal pacemaker activity, possibly due to Na* leak channels. This pacemaker activity leads to the production of spontaneous action potential firing and the baseline release of neurotransmitters in target regions like the nucleus accumbens and prefrontal cortex. VTA neurons also have K* leak channels such as KCNK13 in their plasma membranes. Potassium leak channels, in general, are important for the formation/maintenance of resting membrane potentials in neurons. Recent studies indicate that ethanol blocks the function of K* leak channels such as KCNK13 (see accompanying figure). What impact will ethanol likely have on the basal/spontaneous firing rate of the VTA neurons? Explain. A steady state K* K* NAc, Pfc etc. KCNK13 stoR VTA neuron
- 1. The sympathetic nervous increases the heart rate by binding to F-type Na channels and increasing Na* conductance through these channels. What are the phases of an action potential in the pacemaker cells of the heart? What channels are involved in each phase? Explain.8. Even though it is trivial that Beta Blockers might have negative inotropic effect on the heart, but they improve the overall heart function in heart failure at the end and used for this condition, because: a. They decrease reflex overload of the heart b. They inhibit RAAS system c. They decrease after load d. They slow electrical conduction of SA and AV nodes which increases the filling time of the ventricles which improves extraction fraction in HFFEF e. All of the above4. Describe the steps in the action potential of a cardiac autorhythmic cell in terms of the membrane potential, ion movements and the state of ion channels during the potential. What are If channels?
