During the innate immunity response, which of the following pathogen types would you expect to be treated more similarly: helminths and viruses or extracellular bacteria and fungi? Why?
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During the innate immunity response, which of the following pathogen types would you expect to be treated more similarly: helminths and viruses or extracellular bacteria and
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- 1) According to the video, what is another name for the innate immune sys and what does this system do? 2) According to the video, what causes inflammation and what cells cause it? 3) According to the video, what happens to neutrophils after they consume a pathogen? 4) According to the video, natural killer cells; what do they do? 5) The adaptive/acquired immune system can tell the difference between types of pathogens: true or false? 6) According to the video, helper t- function: 7) According to the video, cytotoxic t cells function: 8) According to the video, memory cells function:Describe the ways in which each of the following pathogens can disarm their host’s immune system or manipulate it to their own advantage:a. Pathogenic strains of Staphylococcusb. Enveloped virusesThe figure below shows antibodies bound to repetitive epitopes on the surface of a bacterial pathogen. Even though all of these epitopes are identical, not all of them have antibodies bound to them. The most likely explanation for this failure of antibodies to bind to every possible epitope on the surface of the pathogen is: There is an insufficient amount of antibody to saturate all the epitopes. The pathogen has an immune evasion strategy to avoid antibody binding to all epitopes. Some of the epitopes cannot bind antibody due to steric hindrance. The antibodies are only able to bind when both antigen-binding sites are engaged on the pathogen surface. The epitopes on the pathogen are not all in the same conformation, so not all will bind the same antibody.
- 4) A patient has their spleen removed due to an accident. How will this affect the immune response? 5) You come in contact with staphylococci through a cut. What cellular features will the immune cells recognize? 6) Name two opsonins and how do these molecules help the immune response? 7) Fever is part of the inflammatory process. What is the role of fever during an immune response? 8) This chemical is used to induce anti-viral responses in cells to protect the cells from viral infections. 9) This complement activation pathway is activated when complement binds to an antibody bound to antigens.It's the first day of university exams and Sarah has woken up with a sore throat, headache, muscle aches and a low grade fever. Her GP diagnoses her with a viral infection and tells her to go home, rest and drink plenty of fluids.Question 1A:Name one of the most likely innate immune system receptors to initially detect this infection and where in host cells this receptor is located? Question 1B: Which cytokine primarily drives the innate anti-viral host response? Question 1C: Describe the antiviral signaling events that take place inside an infected cell in response to this cytokine. Question 1D: Provide a biological explanation for why Sarah was more likely to suffer a viral infection during her periodWhich of your body’s nonspecific host defenses would help fight a pathogen entering your body through each of the following portals? (a) A small cut on your hand; (b) inhalation into your lungs; (c) ingestion with contaminated food.
- Pathogenic organisms cause damage to the host by a variety of mechanisms, depending on the category of the pathogen and its mode of replication in the host. Give an example of two different types of pathogens that are unlikely to be dealt with by the same mechanism of immune protection.Why is innate immunity referred to as nonspecific? because it is a form of defense found in all animal species because it provides defense against a wide range of pathogens because it is a form of defense that functions in all human body systems because it provides a built-in mechanism of defense that does not require "training"What are the roles of the following cytokines in defense against infections: 1) TNF 2) IL-12 3) Type I Interferon
- What does innate mean? How is the innate immune system different from the adaptive immune system? Compare the strategies of innate immunity with strategies of adaptive immunity. Give specific examples. How do vaccines protect us from diseases? Which cells in the immune system become activated after the injection? Your answer should be written as 2 or more paragraphs with a total word count of 400 or more.Draw a figure illustrating the sequence of events in a typical inflammatory response to a bacterial infection caused by injury to the skin (in 3 main stages). Include a note at top of figure: Is this an example of an innate response or adaptive immune response? Include the following structures/cells/chemicals: epidermis, dermis, splinter contaminated with bacteria puncturing skin, macrophages, mast cells, neutrophils, nitric oxide (as blue dots), endothelial cells lining capillary, red blood cells within capillary, histamine (as green dots). Under each stage, describe the events occurring in the 3 main stages: Stage 1: What do mast cells and endothelial cells produce in initial response to injury? What do the chemicals produced by the cells do? Stage 2: What happens to capillaries? What leaks out of capillaries to enter the site of the wound? Stage 3: What do neutrophils and macrophages do? What happens to capillaries at this point?Which component is released from the active site of an enzyme during a chemical reaction? What is the best example of artificial passive acquired immunity? In the hierarchy of taxonomy several orders make up what taxon?