Explain how does Ohm’s law relates to our Core Concept of flow down gradients in physiology
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8. Explain how does Ohm’s law relates to our Core Concept of flow down gradients in physiology
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- 6.Twenty percent (20%) of hypertensive patients have low renin plasma activity yet still respond to drugs that interfere with the RAAS pathway. What other components of the RAAS mechanism may the drug be working through to lower blood pressure? I9. Outline the major components of the core concept of flow down gradientsWhich of these three paracrine chemicals cause vasodilation? ATP adenosine nitric oxide
- 6) A male patient has been given a loading dose of digoxin of 1000 micrograms in divided doses by intravenous infusion. He has a creatinine clearance of 47ml/minWhat is the maintenance dose (in micrograms) that this patient should receive? Use the formula provided to calculate the maintenance dose. Maintenance Dose = Peak body stores x % daily loss100Where:Peak Body Stores = Loading Dose% Daily Loss = 14 + Creatinine clearance (Ccr)/533. A drug rapidly distributes in total body water and has an elimination half-life of 8 hours. In a patient who weighs 80 kg (176 lb; total body water of 50 L), an intravenous drip is started that will maintain a drug concentration in plasma of 20 mg/L at steady state. The time it will take (in hours) from the start of the intravenous drip for plasma drug concentration to reach 18 mg/L (90% of the steady state value) is closest to which of the following? CO A) 8 B) 16 C) 32 D) 64 OE) 12821. A healthy person receives a series of intravenous infusions of anionic dextran with different effective molecular radii. Which of the following labeled curves shows the effect of molecular radius on the fractional excretion of anionic dextran in this person's urine? Fractional excretion of dextran (%) A) 1.0- 0.9- 0.8- 0.7 0.6- 0.5- 0.4- 0.3- 0.2- 0.1- 0 B C Neutral dextran * A 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 Effective molecular radius (A°) OB) OC) OD)
- i. Write an equation balancing the electrical potential and chemical potential for 3 Na+ and 1 Ca2+. Note that NCX is an antiporter, whereas SGLT1 is a symporter, thus the maximal electrochemical gradient of Ca2+ will be opposite that of glucose. ii. Rearrange this equation in to give intra-cellular Ca2+ as a function of extra-cellular Ca2+, intra-cellular and extra-cellular Na+, resting membrane potential. You should note the equation and substitution below. iii. Use the values below for extra-cellular Ca2+, intra-cellular and extra-cellular Na+, resting membrane potential to calculate intra-cellular Ca2+. Extracellular Na+ concentration is 140mM, intracellular Na+ concentration is 12mM, extracellularCa2+ concentration 2.5mM, and the resting membrane potential is -65mV.23. If a healthy person is given an infusion of hypertonic saline (3% NaCl), which of the following findings in plasma is most likely? OA) Plasma [ADH(vasopressin)] pg/mL 10 B) 5-E 0- DK 300 C 280 290 Plasma osmolality (mOsmol/L) O Control before infusion C) B 310 D) OE)19. List the concentrations for interstitial and intracellular fluids of the following ions: Na ,K,Cl,Ca,HCO3, HPO4, and pH
- 7. The following fractional saturation data have been measured for a certain blood sample. On a piece of graph paper, plot out the data in a Hill plot. What are the Hill constant and the psg of this blood sample? |pO;, torr 35 Yor 45 55 65 75 85 0.12 0.25 0.38 0.52 0.58 0.6518. In general, when the nonbicarbonate buffer concentration is normal, an acute PaCO2 rise to a levelof 60 mm Hg will be associated with which of the following changes in the [HCO3-]? a. [HCO3-] rises to approximately 34 mEq/L. b. [HCO3-] rises to approximately 31 mEq/L. c. [HCO3-] rises to approximately 26 mEq/L. d. [HCO3-] rises to approximately 25 mEq/L.19. In general, when the nonbicarbonate buffer concentration is normal, an acute PaCO2decrease of 10 mm Hg below 40 mm Hg will be associated with which of the following changes?a. [HCO3-] decreases by approximately 10 mEq/L. b. [HCO3-] decreases by approximately 5 mEq/L. c. [HCO3-] decreases by approximately 2 mEq/L. d. [HCO3-] decreases by approximately 1 mEq/L.
