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Explain the process of transamination in the muscle, transport of ammonia to the liver and production of urea. You can provide a
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- Below is a list of steps that occur after an exercising muscle cell begins degrading amino acids for ATP production. For each step, choose (A) if the process occurs in the muscle cell and (B) if the process occurs in the liver. It will be easiest to answer this question if you first put the steps in order, then decide in which organ they occur. ______ Alanine is transaminated with a-ketoglutarate.______ Branched chain amino acids are transaminated with a-ketoglutarate.______ Glutamate is deaminated.______ Glutamate is transaminated with pyruvate.______ Ketoacid skeletons resulting from branch chain amino acids enter the CAC.______ Pyruvate enters gluconeogenesis.______ Urea is formed from the nitrogen removed from the original branched chain amino acid.The first step in amino acid catabolism usually involves transamination. Since ammonia is a serious neurotoxin, the body maintains the nitrogen and ammonia balance carefully. Discuss the pathway, organelle and organs involved in maintaining this balance. provide a schematic presentation of the pathway to supplement your discussionThe body uses ketone bodies as fuel “during times of extreme starvation” and that ketosis “is an important survival mechanism that maintains high rates of fatty acid oxidation when carbohydrate stores are depleted” but that “it can lead to pathologic conditions.” Summarize what ketosis is metabolically, including figure 16.15 from the text in your summary.
- Cellular respiration is a process that produces usable energy for cells in the form of adenosine triphosphate. The presence or absence of oxygen determines the metabolic pathway that a cell undergoes for producing adenosine triphosphate. Describe the metabolic pathways that occur for cells in the presence of oxygen.Kinases catalyze the transfer of a phosphate group from a phosphate donor such as adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to a substrate. A well‑known kinase is hexokinase. Hexokinase catalyzes the first step of the glycolysis cycle, and converts glucose to glucose‑6‑phosphate. The reaction of glucose with ATP is shown. The enzyme‑bound base is abbreviated as :B−, and ATP is abbreviated as a diphosphate bonded to adenosine monophosphate (AMP).Describe what happens to ALL the end-products of glycolysis in a short paragraph (5-7 sentences). Be sure to explain how or why each post-glycolysis pathway might be used by the cell (i.e. under what conditions).
- Kinases catalyze the transfer of a phosphate group from a phosphate donor such as adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to a substrate. A well‑known kinase is hexokinase. Hexokinase catalyzes the first step of the glycolysis cycle, and converts glucose to glucose‑6‑phosphate. The reaction of glucose with ATP is shown. The enzyme‑bound base is abbreviated as :B−, and ATP is abbreviated as a diphosphate bonded to adenosine monophosphate (AMP). The first arrow of the reaction mechanism is drawn for you; draw the remaining curved arrows to show how phosphorylation occurs.Using the answer code on the right, indicate which form of energy production is being described: 1. takes place in the mitochondrial matrix 2. produces H2O as a by-product 3. results in a rich yield of ATP 4. takes place in the cytosol 5. processes acetyl-CoA 6. takes place in the mitochondrial innermembrane cristae 7. converts glucose into two pyruvate molecules 8. uses molecular oxygen 9. accomplished by the electron transport system and ATP synthase (a) glycolysis (b) citric acid cycle (c) oxidative phosphorylationThe catalytic activity of enzymes depends on the presence of appropriate environmental conditions. Pepsin is a digestive enzyme found in the stomach and facilitates the digestion of large proteins. If pepsin is removed from this acidic environment of the stomach and is instead placed in a more basic environment, it will cease to function. Describe the specific effect that a change in environmental pH will have on pepsin and explain how this change can lead to inhibition of its catalytic activity. Respond in 4 to 6 complete sentences.
- Metabolism is essential to life and is the process by which cells make energy to carry out all of the processes required for them to survive. Metabolism requires that the organism transport substances from the environment into the cell to utilize in their metabolic pathways. Bacteria have a diverse array of potential metabolic processes to make energy. Given the information below (A. and B.), describe how the organisms would make ATP in the environment they are found. Make sure to discuss in detail each of the pathways, including the starting products, end products, components of the ETC (if applicable), how the cell makes ATP during this process, where in the cell each of these pathways occur and the transport mechanism(s) utilized to move the starting products from the environment into the cell. An anaerobic organism that is only able to ferment lactose.The first step in amino acid catabolism usually involve transamination.since ammonia is a serious neurotoxin, the body maintains the nitrogen and ammonia balance carefully. Discuss the pathway, organelle and organs involved in maintaining this balance. Provide a schematic presentation of the pathway to supplement your discussion.Several of the enzymes of glycolysis fall into classes that often occurs in metabolism. Describe ONLY ONE reaction types are catalzed by each of the following. Kinases