Focus only on shared derived traits (found only in species of interest - not in outgroup) Species DNA nucleotide site 3 8 10 Outgroup T G C Spp W T T G T Spp X T T G C Spp Y T T C T Spp Z A T C T At position 10 C → T change in all species, except Spp X.
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- All of the following data types can be used as evidence of shared ancestry except similarities in _______. a. amino acid sequences b. embryonic development c. DNA sequences d. fossil morphologies e. form due to convergent evolution(top or bottom) Species A, B, C, D, and, E are all extant species (living today; not to be confused with “extinct” species). Consider the common ancestor shared between humans and species A (ancestor A-H), the common ancestor between species B and humans (ancestor B-H), etc. Which of thetwo trees below best represents the phylogenetic relationship between species shown in the nucleotide divergence plot above (top tree or bottom tree)?There are 27 sequences from 27 individuals belonging to an unidentified group of organisms. Eleven (11) sequences were mined from NCBI while the rest are unpublished sequences from Mindanao. Sequences labeled with "SSL" are from Agusan Marsh while sequences labeled with "CKL/CITLR" and "CWL" are from Camiguin Island and Dinagat Islands respectively. Finally, sequences labeled with "MSLA" are from Mt. Magdiwata. From the nucleotide results and generated phylogenetic tree below: a) What group of organisms is represented by the phylogenetic tree? b) Identify the source (species) of each sequence. c) How many species are present in the generated tree? d) What species is considered as the outgroup? e) What genetic marker is utilized to generate the sequences? f) Which specimen group is more closely related to "SSL"? CKL or MSLA? Justify your answer h) Based on the results, what possible species name can be assigned to the MSLA group?
- Suppose species 1, 2, and 3 are endemic to a group of islands (such as the Galápagos) and are all descended from species 4, an outgroup. We sequence a gene and find ten nucleotide sites that differ among the four species (among many other loci that do not vary). The nucleotide bases at these sites are Species 1: GCTGATGAGT Species 2: ATCAATGAGT Species 3: GTTGCAACGT Species 4: GTCAATGACA Estimate the phylogeny of these taxa by plotting the changes on each of the three possible trees and determine which tree requires the fewest evolutionary changes. (Please answer including what are 3 possible trees.? )1. (a) The apparently constant rate of change Molecular phylogenetics Molecular evolution Molecular clock Evolutionary Signatures (b) The use of comparative genomics to infer evolutionary relationships among species Molecular phylogenetics Molecular evolution Molecular clock Evolutionary SignaturesLet's say a 10 nucleotide DNA sequence differs by 5 nucleotides between 2 species and fossil data shows these 2 species diverged from common ancestor 25 MYA. What is the "r" (rate of substitution per site per year)? Substitution rate equation: r = K/2t• r = rate of substitution per site per year• K = number of substitutions per site• t = divergence time in millions of years
- Constructing a cladogram _______ . a. may involve parsimony analysis b. helps us rank species into taxa c. reveals convergent structures d. is a necessary part of DNA barcodingThere 27 sequences from 27 individuals belonging to an unidentified group of organisms. Eleven (11) sequences were mined from NCBI while the rest are unpublished sequences from Mindanao. Sequences labeled with "SSL" are from Agusan Marsh while sequences labeled with "CKL/CITLR" and "CWL" are from Camiguin Island and Dinagat Islands respectively. Finally, sequences labeled with "MSLA" are from Mt. Magdiwata. (a) What species is considered as the outgroup? (b) What genetic marker is utilized to generate the sequences? (c) Which specimen group is more closely related to "SSL"? CKL or MSLA? Justify your answer. (d) Based on the BLAST results, what possible species name can be assigned to the MSLA group?Tiny foxes live on the Channel Islands off the coastof Southern California; the adults weigh less than3 lbs. These so-called island foxes (Urocyon littoralis) derived from the mainland gray fox (Urocyoncinereoargenteus). Analysis of genome sequencesrevealed that unlike the mainland foxes, the foxeson a single island have shockingly little geneticdiversity.a. The genome of only one fox from each island wassequenced. How would the lack of genetic diversitybe evident in a single genome sequence?b. The populations of the foxes on each island aresmall. How might the low diversity have occurred?c. Why is low genetic diversity thought to lead tospecies extinction?d. Hypothesize as to why the Channel Island foxesare thriving without human assistance despite theirlack of genome sequence diversity
- Among the ingroup species A-D, species A shares the largest number of derived traits with species C. What term best describes species C relative to species A? options: ancestor homologous species outgroup sister speciesDr. Olivera describes how cone snail shell similarities are a proxy for relatedness but describes how this works on a molecular level with the construction of a phylogenetic tree from the ribosomal DNA sequence comparisons. Group of answer choices True FalseMolecular marker is used to determine relatedness of species which may directly or indirectly exerts an effect on diversity. A hypothetical ancestor has the following DNA sequences: G A A G C T A T T C A T T. There are two lineage with DNA sequences of G A A G G T A T T C T C G, and G A A C C T A T T C T G C. (1) Determine the percentage of A and T in the DNA sequence of the hypothetical ancestor. (2) Calculate the percentage of each nitrogenous base in the second lineage.
