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- I. The retinoic acid receptor (RAR) is a transcription factor that is similar to steroid hormone receptors. Thesubstance (ligand) that binds to this receptor is retinoicacid. One of the genes whose transcription is activatedby retinoic acid binding to the receptor is myoD. Thediagram that follows shows a schematic view of theRAR proteins produced by genes into which one oftwo different 12-base double-stranded oligonucleotides had been inserted in the ORF. The insertion site(a–m) associated with each mutant protein is indicatedwith the appropriate letter on the polypeptide map.For constructs encoding proteins a–e, oligonucleotide 1(5′ TTAATTAATTAA 3′ read off either strand) wasinserted into the RAR gene. For constructs encoding proteins f–m, oligonucleotide 2 (5′ CCGGCCGGCCGG 3′)was inserted into the gene.NH2 f g h i j k l m COOHa b c d eThe wild-type RAR protein can both bind DNA and activate transcription weakly in the absence of retinoic acid(RA) and strongly in RA’s presence. Each…For each of the ff. scenario, state whether the gene is up- or down-regulated and briefly explain the reason behind. 5’-------enhancer------insulator-----gene of interest----3’E27. A cloned gene fragment contains a regulatory element that is recog- nized by a regulatory transcription factor. Previous experiments have shown that the presence of a hormone results in transcriptional acti- vation by this transcription factor. To study this effect, you conduct a electrophoretic mobility shift assay and obtain the following results: Tube: 1 2 3 Transcription factor: Hormone: Explain the action of the hormone.
- List and briefly explain. C-terminal domain of RNA polymerase II function to ensure that the varoius sets of mRNA processing enzymes carry out their duties at the apporpiate time and place?. Why is a nonsense suppressor tRNATyr, even though ithas a mutant anticodon that cannot recognize a tyrosinecodon, charged with tyrosine by Tyr tRNA synthetase?MATCH THE FF. WITH THE CHOICES BELOW group of genes one long mRNA with complementary codes of 3 or more genes controlled by negative regulation a tetrameric protein, is the lacI gene product It is a palindromic DNA segment at the upstream region of lac gene has a DNA-binding domain on N-terminus; the C-terminus binds inducer, forms tetramer. an accessory protein to activate transcription regulated both positively and negatively by AraC regulatory elements of arabinose operon It is Regulated Through a Co-Repressor-Mediated Negative Control Circuit an example of autogenous regulation has attenuation regulation mechanism CHOICES: -lac operator -Catabolite activator protein -araBAD Operon -polycistronic mRNA -trp Operon -lac operon -lac repressor -Operon -AraC gene
- Describe the basic models of transcription factor families, the two transcription factors each representing these models, and how they function molecularly by specifying some of their functions.Plz do explain.Thanks Question:- Many types of breast cancer have chromosomal translocation mutations. What scenario best describes, what occurs during this type of mutation, causing cells to proliferate abnormally? Chromosomal translocations may place the gene downstream near the promoter region, therefore causing over-expression of the gene The gene may be placed in the transcription start site, downstream of the gene, initiating transcription by recruiting polymerase II Translocation mutations will initiate the transcription of mRNA in the cytoplasm of the cell catalyzing protein synthesis. Chromosomal translocations can sometimes place a gene under the control of a powerful enhancer, upstream.State whether the gene is up- or down-regulated and briefly explain the reason behind. The polypeptide product becomes tagged with ubiquitin and is directed to the proteasomes for hydrolytic digestion.
- . An interesting mutation in lacI results in repressorswith 110-fold increased binding to both operator andnonoperator DNA. These repressors display a “reverse”induction curve, allowing β-galactosidase synthesis inthe absence of an inducer (IPTG) but partly repressingβ-galactosidase expression in the presence of IPTG. Howcan you explain this? (Note that, when IPTG binds a repressor, it does not completely destroy operator affinity,but rather it reduces affinity 110-fold. Additionally, ascells divide and new operators are generated by thesynthesis of daughter strands, the repressor must findthe new operators by searching along the DNA, rapidlybinding to nonoperator sequences and dissociating fromthem.)protein. You create a mouse line with Cas9 under control of a brain-specific enhancer, while the short guide RNA complementary to the first exon of Gene Y is expressed in all tissues. You subsequently sequence Gene Y in both brain and liver tissue. What would expect in each tissue? You can assume that the CRISPRICas9 system will impact both copies of Gene Y in cells, and that the first exon of Gene Y is necessary for Gene Ys function. a. Liver: Functional Gene Y; Brain: Functional Gene Y b. Liver: Nonfunctional Gene Y; Brain: Funtional Gene Y c. Liver: Functional Gene Y; Brain: Nonfunctional Gene Y d. Liver: Nonfunctional Gene Y; Brain: Nonfunctional Gene YGTTTTCACTGGCGAGCGTCATCTTCCTACT 8. What is the function (e.g. transcriptional regulation, transmembrane signaling, kinase, protease, etc.) of the protein(s) encoded by the gene.