For the following parts, suppose this game is played for infinitely many times with discount factor for both players & € [0, 1). 6. Let both players adopt the following strategy: start with cooperation; cooperate if both players cooperated or both players defected in the previous period; defect if one player defected and another player cooperated in the previous period. In other words, the punishment for deviating from cooperation only lasts for one period, and both players revert to cooperation immediately after. What is the condition on & for this strategy profile to be a SPNE? (a) 8 > 0 (b) & 1/4
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- 2. Consider the following Bayesian game with two players. Both players move simultaneously and player 1 can choose either H or L, while player 2's options are G, M, and D. With probability 1/2 the payoffs are given by "Game 1" : GMD H 1,2 1,0 1,3 L 2,4 0,0 0,5 and with probability 1/2 the payoffs are according to "Game 2" : G |M|D H 1,2 1,3 1,0 L 2,4 0,5 0,0 (a) Find the Nash Equilibria when neither player knows which game is actually played. (b) Assume now that player 2 knows which one among the two games is actually being played. Check that the game has a unique Bayesian Nash Equilibrium.First Player can invest $1.00 with Second Player. Second Player chooses whether tc cooperate and make the promised investment, or appropriate and keep First Player'a $1.00. Based on the payoff matrix shown below (first player payoffs on bottom left of cell, second player payoffa on upper right of cell), what will be First Player's payoff if contracis are not enforceable? Second Player Cooperate Appropriate Invest 1.5 1.0 First Player 1.5 -1.0 Don't Invest2. Consider the following simultaneous move stage game. In each cell, player l's payoff is shown first. Player 2 L C R T 3, 1 0 ,0 5 , 0 Player 1 M 2, 1 I, 2 3 , 1 В 1, 0 , 1 4, 4 This game is played twice, without discounting of the second stage payoffs. Both players observe the outcome of the first stage prior to making their second stage choices. Determine whether or not (4,4) can be the first stage payoffs from a pure strategy subgame perfect Nash equilibrium. Explain your answer carefully.
- 5) Mixed strategy Nash equilibrium Consider a mixed strategy Nash equilibrium of the following coordination game: Player 2 Player 1 A B a 5.5 6.-2 b -2,6 1,1 a) In the above game, explain in words what condition player 1's probability p of playing strategy A must satisfy to induce player 2 to mix strategies between a and b in equilibrium. b) Solve for the mixed strategy Nash equilibrium where player 1 chooses A with probability P and player 2 chooses a with probability p, for 0 < p, P < 1.Consider an extensive game. First, a firm from City 1 (Player2) makes Betty (Player 1) a job offer. The offer promises an income y1. ThenBetty decides whether to accept the offer. If the o§er is accepted, the payffsto Betty and the firm are (y1 - x1; 1- y1), where x1 is the house price inCity 1. While Betty is contemplating over this o§er, she receives another joboffer from a firm in City 2. This outside option promises an income of y2and a house price x2. If Betty rejects Player 2ís offer and accepts the outsideoption, the payoffs to the two players are (y2 - x2; 0). If Betty rejects bothoffers, then the payo§s are (0; 0). Assume y1 > x1, y2 > x2, 0 < y1 < 1and y2 - x2 + x1 <=1 .assume that Betty will accept an offer if she isindifferent from accepting and rejecting it. Do the following: (a) Draw thegame tree. (b) Find the subgame perfect equilibrium (SPE) by specifyingstrategies used. (c) What is Bettyís payoff in the SPE? How does this payoffchange respectively with…4 Consider an extensive game where player 1 starts with choosing of two actions, A or B. Player 2 observes player 1’s move and makes her move; if the move by player 1 is A, then player 2 can take three actions, X, Y or Z, if the move by player 1 is B, then player 2 can take of of two actions, U or V. Write down all teminal histories, proper subhistories, the player function and strategies of players in this game.
- Player 2 C D A Player 1 2,3 В 6, —2 | 4, 3 7,8 Select the value corresponding to the probability with which player 2 plays C in the mixed strategy Nash equilibrium: O 1/8 O 1/6 1/5 O 1/4 1/3 1/2 2/3 O 3/4 4/5 O 5/64. Consider the following game, expressed in dollar terms: R $3,$2 $0,$1 D $1,80 $2,$1 (a) Suppose, first, that this game is played by two egoists, for whom u(x,y)=x. Compute all Nash equilibria in pure strategies. (5 points) (b) Is there an equilibrium in mixed strategies? If there is, compute the probability p with which player I plays U and the probability q with which player II plays L. Also, compute the amount of utility each player gets in the equilibrium. (5 points) (c) Are any of these Nash equilibria trembling-hand perfect? (5 points) (d) Suppose, next, that this game is played by two utilitarians, for whom u(x,y)=x+y. Compute all Nash equilibria in pure and mixed strategies. (5 points)GAME UUU B1 Player B B2 A1 7,13 5, 10 A2 3,8 9,16 Player A A3 5,8 4,7 In Game UUU (see table above), assuming players move simultaneously, Player A choosing A1 and Player B choosing B3 is a Nash equilibrium. Player A choosing A3 and Player B choosing B2 is a Nash equilibrium. Both Player A choosing A1 and Player B choosing B1 and Player A choosing A2 and player B choosing B2 are Nash equilibria in pure strategies Player A choosing A1 and Player B choosing B2 is a Nash equilibrium.
- Coansider the Gollowing game: L A 7,21,3 4,14,1 C1,57,01 two mixed strategy Nash equilibria. In one of them, player I plays the strategy 6,=(0,1,0). There ase the two equitibria, and both playe's expected what are what are payoffs? (Note: This is a tricky problem!)Question 28 Suppose the following game: I Player 1 nice nice Player 2 50, 50 mean 90,20 Which of the following is true? mean 20,90 30, 30 O Both players play "mean" with a 70 % chance, and "nice" with a 30% chance. O There is no Nash Equilibrium in pure strategies, there is only one Nash Equilibrium in mixed strategies. Both players play "nice" with a 70% chance, and "mean" with a 30% chance. There is no Nash Equilibrium in mixed strategies, there is only one Nash Equilibrium in pure strategies.2. Consider a game that game theory people refer to as the “ultimatum game.”We will refer to our two players as the “offerer” and the “decider”. How the gameworks is that the offerer proposes a way to split $1000 between the two players.While this could be done in a variety of ways, we will assume that the offerersonly has two possible proposals: Either a 50-50 split, or she offers the decider$50 and keeps the rest. The decider can either accept or reject the offer. If the offer is accepted, the money is split as proposed. If the offer is rejected, themoney spontaneously combusts and nobody gets anything. a) List the strategies for each player and write an extensive form version of thegame with payouts. b) List all the Nash equilibria of this game. c) Explain which, if any of the Nash equilibrium are not sub-game perfect. d) Write the game out in normal form and find the pure strategy Nashequilibrium. Explain how this matches with your answers to (b) and (c) . Alsoexplain why there…