Give an example of how nonpreemption in the implementation of fair queuing leads to a different packet transmission order from bit-by-bit round- robin service.
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- The non-preemption of fair queues leads to a different transmission order than with bit-by-bit round-robin services.We observed that (n-1)D is the maximal delay in queuing if the fabric of switching is n times faster than the input line rate. Suppose all packets have the same duration, n packets are sent to n entry ports at the same time, and all n packets are sent to separate exit ports. What is the maximum delay for a memory packet?In an RPC-like protocol, many requests can be active at the same time, and responses can be sent in any order: Assume that requests are sequentially numbered and that ACK[N] acknowledges reply[N]. Should ACKs be added up? If not, what should happen if an ACK is not received?
- Suppose the information content of a packet is the bit pattern 1110101010101111 and an even parity scheme is being used. What would the value of the checksum field be for the case of a two-dimensional parity scheme? Your answer should be such that a minimum-length checksum field is used.In an RPC-like protocol in which multiple requests can be outstanding, and replies can be sent in any order: Assume that requests are numbered and that ACK[N] acknowledges reply[N]. Should ACKs be cumulative? If not, what should happen if an ACK is lost?To achieve totally-ordered multicasting with Lamport timestamps, is it strictly necessary that each message is acknowledged?
- Suppose the information content of a packet is the bit pattern 1110 0110 1001 1101 and an even parity scheme is being used. What would the value of the field containing the parity bits be for the case of a two-dimensional parity scheme? Your answer should be such that a minimum length checksum field is used.Suppose that a binary message – either 0 or 1 – must be transmitted by wire from location Ato location B. However, the data sent over the wire are subject to a channel noise disturbance,so to reduce the possibility of error, the value 2 is sent over the wire when the message is1, and the value −2 is sent when the message is 0. If X, X = {−2,2}, is the value sent atlocation A, the value received at location B, denoted as R, is given byR = X + N ,where N is the channel noise disturbance, which is independent of X. When the message isreceived at location B, the receiver decodes it according to the following rule:if R ≥.5, then conclude that message 1 was sentif R < .5, then conclude that message 0 was sentAssuming that the channel noise, N, is a unit normal random variable and that the message0 or 1 is sent with equal probability, what is the probability that we conclude that the wrongmessage was sent? This is the probability of error for this communication channelUDP and TCP use 1s complement for their checksums. Suppose you have the followingthree 8-bit bytes: 01010011, 01100110, 01110100. What is the 1s complement of the sum ofthese 8-bit bytes? (Note that although UDP and TCP use 16-bit words in computing thechecksum, for this problem you are being asked to consider 8-bit sums.) Show all work. Why is itthat UDP takes the 1s complement of the sum; that is, why not just use the sum? With the 1scomplement scheme, how does the receiver detect errors? Is it possible that a 1-bit error will goundetected? How about a 2-bit error?
- In an RPC-like protocol, where numerous requests can be active at the same time and responses can be given in any sequence, the following is possible: Pretend requests are sequentially numbered, and that ACK[N] confirms the receipt of reply[N]. Should the number of ACKs be cumulative? If not, what should happen in the event that an ACK is not received?One of the problems with timeout-triggered retransmissions is that the timeout period can be relative long. When a segment is lost, this long timeout period forces the sender to delay resending the lost packet, thereby increasing the end-to-end delay. Is there any remedy for this?In an RPC-like protocol, where numerous requests can be active at the same time and responses can be given in any sequence, the following is possible: Pretend requests are sequentially numbered, and that ACKIN] confirms the receipt of reply[N]. Should the number of ACKS be cumulative? If not, what should happen in the event that an ACK is not received?|