Identify monomeric and multimeric (di-,tri-meric, for example) saccharides from this group. If you come across multimeric polypeptides, state the mono- mers that form these multimers. State the nature of the bond that links two units together in each case. (a) Maltose (b) Trehalose (c) Lactose (d) Sucrose (e) Cellobiose (f) Agarose
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- Which statement about saccharides is correct? (A). Alpha anomers are more common than beta anoomers. (B). Two monosaccharides can form a disaccharide and oxygen. (C). Polysaccharides with alpha or beta glycosidic linkages have the different properties. (D). Disaccharides can be cyclic or acyclic.Assume that some protein molecule, in its folded native state, has one favored conformation. But, when it is denatured, it becomes a “random coil,” with many possible conformations. (a) What must be the sign of DS for the change: native à denatured? (b) How will the contribution of DS for native denatured affect the favorability of the process? What apparent requirement does this impose on DH if proteins are to be stable structures?Some of the most important organic compounds in biochemistry are the α-amino acids, represented by the general formula shown.Write structural formulas for the following α-amino acids.(a) Alanine (R = methyl)(b) Valine (R = isopropyl)(c) Leucine (R = isobutyl)(d) Isoleucine (R = sec-butyl)(e) Serine (R = XCH2, where X is the functional group that characterizes alcohols)(f) Cysteine (R = XCH2, where X is the functional group that characterizes thiols)(g) Aspartic acid (R = XCH2, where X is the functional group that characterizes carboxylic acids)
- (a) Why can’t two purine bases (A and G) form a base pair and hydrogen bond to each other on two strands of DNA in the double helix? (b) Why is hydrogen bonding between guanine and cytosine more favorable than hydrogen bonding between guanine and thymine?Draw the structure of each of the following tripeptides:(a) Aspartic acid-histidine-tryptophan(b) Glycine-cysteine-tyrosine with the charges existing in cell fluid3. Classify the following as a lipid, carbohydrate, or amino acid: (EOCQ 58) CH,OC(CH,)12CH, CHOC(CH,),,CH, CH,0C(CH,),CH=CH(CH,),CH, a.
- Indicate whether each statement is true or false. (a) Thesequence of amino acids in a protein, from the amine endto the acid end, is called the primary structure of the protein.(b) Alpha helix and beta sheet structures are examplesof quaternary protein structure. (c) It is impossiblefor more than one protein to bind to another and make ahigher order structure.(i) Which one of the following is an oligosaccharide: starch, maltose, fructose, glucose (ii) What is the difference between DNA and RNA. (iii) Write the name of the disease caused by the deficiency of vitamin B1Lactose is a disaccharide in which a glycosidic linkage connects the monosaccharides galactose and glucose. OH НО OH (a) Identify the glycosidic linkage and the acetal carbon in lactose. (b) What type of glycosidic linkage does lactose have (i.e., is it 1,1'-, 1,2'-, etc., and is it a or B)? (c) People who are lactose intolerant are deficient in the enzyme lactase, and therefore cannot efficiently break down the disaccharide into its monosaccharides. When lactose is treated with aqueous acid, however, this hydrolysis can take place, though relatively slowly. Draw the complete, detailed mechanism and the products of the acid-catalyzed hydrolysis of lactose. Но ОН НО ОН ОН Lactose
- Arabinoxylan is a copolymer of arabinose and xylose-two five-carbon sugars. A portion of the polysaccharide is shown here. (a) Identify and classify each glycosidic linkage. (b) Based on the structure, do you think arabinoxylan functions as a storage polysaccharide or a structural polysaccharide? Explain your reasoning. HOH,C. OH Но OH OH но но OH Но LO. Но HOH,C HOH2C НО OH OH CH,OH1. It is observed that as temperature is increased, most protein molecules go from their defined, folded state into a random-coil, denatured state that exposes more hydrophobic surface area than is exposed in the folded state. (a) Given what you have learned so far about AH and AS, explain why this is reasonable. (b) Sometimes, however, proteins denature as temperature is decreased. How might this be explained?Draw the formula of each of the following tripeptides: (a)Aspartic acid- histidine- tryptophan (b) Glycine- cysteine with the charges that exist in the cell fluid (c) Lysine-phenylalanine- threonine (d)Alanine- leucine- valine with the charges that exist in fluid