if a wafer with 350μm thick resist is baked on a hot plate that is 0.1◦ off-horizontal, what will be the resist non-uniformity due to gravitational flow?
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if a wafer with 350μm thick resist is baked on a hot plate that is 0.1◦ off-horizontal,
what will be the resist non-uniformity due to gravitational flow?
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- A close analogy exists between the flow of energy by heat because of a temperature difference (see Section 19.6) and the flow of electric charge because of a potential difference. In a metal, energy dQ and electrical charge dq are both transported by free electrons. Consequently, a good electri- cal conductor is usually a good thermal conductor as well. Consider a thin conducting slab of thickness dx, area A, and electrical conductivity ơ, with a potential difference dV between opposite faces. (a) Show that the current I = dq/dt is given by the equation on the left: Charge conduction Thermal conduction dq = oA dt dT kA dt dQ AP dx dx In the analogous thermal conduction equation on the right (Eq. 19.17), the rate dQ/dt of energy flow by heat (in SI units of joules per second) is due to a temperature gradient dT/dx in a material of thermal conductivity k. (b) State anal- ogous rules relating the direction of the electric current to the change in potential and relating the direction of…(c) Aluminium is a good conductor of electricity. A 100 m aluminium wire of diameter 2.25 mm is to be used in domestic electrical wiring. If a voltage of 250V and a current of 13 amps are needed, answer the following i. What is the conductivity of the aluminium wire? ii. Give two reasons why aluminium wire is not used in domestic wiring in Zambia? iii. Give three applications of pure aluminium.Aluminum, copper, gold, and nichrome wires of equal lengths of 1.0 10-1 meter and equal cross-sectional areas of 2.5 10-6 meter2 are at 20.0°C. Which wire has the greatest electrical resistance?
- Consider a resistor made of copper that you connect to a 12.0 V power supply in an oven where the temperature is 300°C. In this heat, you find that a current of 2.00 A goes through the resistor. Determine the current that goes through this resistor if you connect it to the same power supply but this time on the surface of Mars where the temperature is about -100°C. Take a 3.9x10-3 °C-1A close analogy exists between the flow of energy by heat because of a temperature difference (see Section 20.7) and the flow of electric charge because of a potential difference. In a metal, energy dQ and electrical charge dq are both transported by free electrons. Consequently, a good electrical conductor is usually a good thermal conductor as well. Consider a thin conducting slab of thickness dx, area A, and electrical conductivity o, with a potential difference dv between opposite faces. (a) Show that the current I = dq/dt is given by the equation on the left: Charge conduction Thermal conduction dq TA dt JdT| kA dt dQ | dx |AP| |dx In the analogous thermal conduction equation on the right (Eq. 20.15), the rate dQ/dt of energy flow by heat (in Sl units of joules per second) is due to a temperature gradient dT/dx in a material of thermal conductivity k. (b) State analogous rules relating the direction of the electric current to the change in potential and relating the direction of…A coaxial resistor of a length L=22 cm-long consists of two concentric cylinders. The inner cylinder has radius a=1.8 cm and is made of air with conductivity o =0 S/m, and the outer cylinder extending between a=1.8 cm and b-64 cm is made of carbon with conductivity o2=3x10 S/m. If the two ends of the resistor are capped with ideal conducting plates (PEC), find the resistance of this hollow cylinder in ma between its two end. РЕС РЕС O2 O a. 0.619 O b.0.488 O. 1.031 O d. 1.160 o 0 00
- 按ESC | 即可退出全屏模式 Gas insulation is important for transmission lines, outdoor insulators and Gas-insulated- Substations (GIS). Understanding the breakdown mechanisms and behaviour of insulation materials is key to the optimum design of insulation systems. The speed distribution function of electrons in a gas containing electrons, ions and atoms is controlled by the electric field strength, E, and can be expressed as fo (E, v). It satisfies the relationship of (E, v) dv=1. i) ii) Convert the above electron speed distribution function into an electron energy distribution function that satisfies the relationship f(E, ɛ) dɛ =1 where & is the electron energy and ƒ(E, ɛ) the electron energy distribution function. The electron number density is ne and the atom number density is na in the gas. The ionisation cross section of the atoms by electron impact is a function of electron energy, ɛ, and can be written as σ¡ (ɛ). Similarly, the attachment collision cross section between an electron and an…Copper wire has a resistivity o = 1.7 x 10-8 22m when at 20°C and it has a temperature coefficient a = 3.9 × 10-3 K-1. A solid cylinder of copper of length L = 85 cm and diameter D = 1.5 mm has one end held at T₁ = 15°C and the other end is held at T2 = 230°C. The temperature increases linearly between the two ends of the cylinder. T₁ dx R= L T₂ Part (a) Consider a thin slice of the copper cylinder of thickness dx that is located a distance x from the left end of the cylinder. Write an equation for the temperature of this slice in terms of the variables x, L, T1, and T2. Part (b) Determine the total resistance in milliohms.The free-electron density in a copper wire is8.5 * 10^28 electrons/m3. The electric field in the wire is 0.0600 N>Cand the temperature of the wire is 20.0°C. (a) What is the drift speed vdof the electrons in the wire? (b) What is the potential difference betweentwo points in the wire that are separated by 20.0 cm?
- An electric current of 5 A passing through a resistor has a measured voltage of 6 V across the resistor. The resistor is cylindrical with a diameter of 2.5 cm and length of 15 cm. The resistor has a uniform temperature of 90°C and the room air temperature is 20°C. Assuming that heat transfer by radiation is negligible, determine the heat transfer coefficient by convection.A certain metal has a resistivity of 13.6×108 m at 20°C. the temperature coefficient of the given material is 0.00392°C, what will be the resistivity at 850°C.An aluminum wire with a diameter of 0.100 mm has a uniform electric field of 0.200 V/m imposed along its entire length. The temperature of the wire is 50.0°C. Assume one free electron per atom.(d) What is the drift speed of the conduction electrons? (e) What potential difference must exist between the ends of a 2.00-m length of the wire to produce the stated electric field?