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- Why do we need to identify and determine the function of every single molecule involved in cell signalling? Provide one concrete example of an application of an elucidated cascade of events in cell signalling. (The answer should be no less than 300 words)Hormone H regulates these effects via its receptors which are found at both the cell surface (csRH) and within the cell (içRH). The signalling pathways that become activated in the presence of hormone H are depicted and described below. hormone H. H H extracellular fluid inactive GTP inactive RAS Lyn cell-surface receptor for H (csR») icR GDP RAS-GTP hexose metabolism cell survival H icR G, phase (resting) Raf HK GSK-3P MEK M G2 icR - hexose kinase ERK promoter HRE CDK1 Cyclin A nucleus cyclin A Fos A promoter Created in BioRender.com bio Signalling via the cell surface receptor Hormone H mediates its cell cycle stimulatory and pro-survival effects by binding to and activating the cell surface hormone H receptor (csRH). The activated CSRH activates Lyn, which activates RAS and ultimately the Raf/MEK/ERK kinase cascade. Active ERK: o phosphorylates and inactivates GSK-3B. Inhibition of GSK-3ß promotes cell survival. inhibits p27, preventing it from inhibiting cell cycle progression.…RTKs are receptors made of an extracellular ligand binding domain and an intracellular kinase domain (see image). Insulin binds to its RTK Insulin receptor, causing an increase in glucose absorption and storage in liver cells. EGF binds to its own RTK, EGFR and promotes cell growth through the Ras pathway. a) Explain why the same type of tyrosine kinase in two RTKs can lead to very different cellular responses. Give an example of potential cellular outputs for each of these two RTKs.
- Would the following alterations to Src be oncogenic? Explain. (a) The deletion or inactivation of the SH3 domain. (b) The mutation of Tyr 416 to Phe.Put the following steps for the outline of the growth factor signaling pathway in order: Map Kinase Kinase is Phosphorylated Proteins involved in gene transcription are activated Growth factor binds to its receptor in the cytoplasmic membrane Receptor recruits adaptor protein and GEF Autophosphorylation of tyrosine residues on the receptor Structural change of the receptor activates Tyrosine Kinase Map Kinase Kinase Kinase is phosphorylated Ras, a small GTPase, is activated by the exchange of GTP for GDP Map Kinase is Phosphorylated Map Kinase enters the nucleus7. A) What effect does the compound GppNHp, when applied to the inside of a cell during whole cell patch clamp recording, have on Cav2 channels at presynaptic terminals? B) What is the mechanism by which this compound affects G-protein signaling and Ca√2 channel activity? B. A.
- Activation of certain GPCRs triggers an intracellular signaling mechanism that involves activation of adenlyl cyclase and an increase of cAMP. Which of the following statements best describes the the events that follow such a cAMP increase? a.) The cAMP increase leads to activation of protein kinase C. b.) The cAMP increase leads to activation of the release of the gamma subunit from the GPCR. c.) The cAMP increase leads to activation of protein kinase A.Trace the sequence of events in signal transduction for each of the following second messengers: cyclic AMP, inositol trisphosphate (IP3), diacylglycerol (DAG), and calcium ions.Histamine binds to the H1 G-protein-linked receptor to initiate the itchiness and airway constriction associated with an allergic response. If a mutation in the associated G-protein’s alpha subunit prevented the hydrolysis of GTP how would the allergic response change? More severe allergic response compared to normal G-protein signaling. Less severe allergic response compared to normal G-protein signaling. No allergic response. No change compared to normal G-protein signaling.
- Continuous exposure of a Gαs protein coupled receptor to its ligand leads to a phenomenon known as desensitization. Describe several molecular mechanisms for receptor desensitization. How can a receptor be reset to its original sensitized state? What effect would a mutant receptor lacking serine or threonine phosphorylation sites have on a cell?The progressive loss of cardiac myocytes due to cell death has been associated with cardiac dysfunction and heart failure. Which of the following would lead to a significant loss of cardiac myocytes? Select all that apply Treatment of rapamycin which results in inhibition of mTOR activity Prolonged or severe ER stress with increased accumulation of unfolded proteins Activation of AMPK and phosphorylation of the TSC1 complex mTOR activation and phosphorylation of Ulk1The hydrolysis of GTP to GDP is a reversible reaction as shown below. The ΔG for the reaction is ±30.5 kJ/mol. ΔG = ± 30.5 kJ/mol GTP + H2O GDP + Pi a) Which signalling pathway in the above diagram utilizes this forward reaction? (mTOR pathway, Hippo pathway, Both pathways, or Neither pathway) b) Which protein possesses this enzymatic activity within that pathway?