In some autoimmune diseases, an individual develops antibodies that recognize cell constituents such as DNA and phospholipids. Some of the antibodies react with both DNA and phospholipids. What is the structural basis for this cross-reactivity?
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- In some autoimmune diseases, an individual develops antibodies that recognize cell constituents such as DNA and phospholipids. Some of the antibodies react with both DNA and phospholipids. What is the structural basis for this cross-reactivity?
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- Amoeboid cells that migrate through our tissues, such as the class of white blood cells known as neutrophils, often do so in a directed manner, triggered, for instance, by chemical signals released by pathogens such as bacteria. Directed migration in response to a chemical stimulus is known as chemotaxis. Part of an efficient chemotactic response is the ability of cells to polarize. As is the case with our structurally-polar polymers like F-actin or microtubules, polarization here refers to an asymmetry in the cells, rather than an electrical charge. In this case, it involves one part of the cell becoming the “front” (or leading edge) and another the rear. In a well-polarized, migrating cell, it’s been observed that an active form of Rac (which, in turn, can activate ARP 2/3) is concentrated towards the front of the cell, whereas an active form of Rho (which, in turn, can activate formin, inhibit ADP, and activate myosin II) is found toward the rear of the cell. Based on your…Amoeboid cells that migrate through our tissues, such as the class of white blood cells known as neutrophils, often do so in a directed manner, triggered, for instance, by chemical signals released by pathogens such as bacteria. Directed migration in response to a chemical stimulus is known as chemotaxis. Part of an efficient chemotactic response is the ability of cells to polarize. As is the case with our structurally-polar polymers like F-actin or microtubules, polarization here refers to an asymmetry in the cells, rather than an electrical charge. In this case, it involves one part of the cell becoming the “front” (or leading edge) and another the rear. In a well-polarized, migrating cell, it’s been observed that an active form of Rac (which, in turn, can activate ARP 2/3) is concentrated towards the front of the cell, whereas an active form of Rho (which, in turn, can activate formin, inhibit cofilin/ADP, and activate myosin II) is found toward the rear of the cell. Based on your…In what type of intra and intermolecular interactions does a valine within a protein backbone typically participate? How would this variation in Sickle Cell Disease be classified?
- Glucose reacts slowly with hemoglobin and other proteins to form covalent compounds. Why is glucose reactive? What is the nature of the adduct formed?If Kd= 100 nM, [RNA] = 10 nM, and [protein] = 1 uM a) What fraction of RNA is bound? b) What fraction of protein is bound? c) What is the concentration of the protein:RNA complex? d) Is it reasonable to assume that total protein = free protein? e) Is it reasonable to assume that total RNA = free RNA?Two proteins bind to the same ligand with the following Kd's. Protein 1: 10 μΜProtein 2: 100 nM Which protein would be bound to more ligand at a ligand concentration of 10 μM? (Assume a limiting concentration of each protein)
- Antibodies are effective against bacteria as well as viruses, but some bacteria produce an enzyme that cuts immunoglobulin G molecules right at the “bend” to separate each antigen-binding “arm” from the “stem.” (a) What type of bond is broken by the bacterial enzyme and what type of reaction does this enzyme catalyze? (b) Would the action of the bacterial enzyme affect the ability of immunoglobulins to cross-link bacterial cells?.Which of the following statements regarding adenosine phosphates is incorrect? a) ATP, ADP and AMP are all examples of adenosine phosphates. b) All adenosine phosphates contain a pentose ribose sugar. c) All phosphate ions in adenosine phosphates are joint together by a phosphoanhydride bond. d) All adenosine phosphates releases energy upon cleavage of phosphate group.Hemoglobin has two alpha-type chains and two beta-type chains. This would be a description of: a) primary structure b) secondary structure c) tertiary structure d) quaternary structure Myoglobin has much helix-turn-helix motif. This would be a description of: a) primary structure b) secondary structure c) tertiary structure d) quaternary structure Myoglobin folds up into a ball-like structure. This would be a description of: a) primary structure b) secondary structure c) tertiary structure d) quaternary structure Domains differ from subunits in that: a) subunits are connected by peptide bonds while domains are not b) domains are connected by peptide bonds while subunits are not c) subunits are larger than domains d) subunits are hydrophobic while domains are hydrophilic
- Which of these statements about hemoglobin is NOT true? A) it is a tetrameric globular protein b) it has a prosthetic group called heme c) it’s dominant motif is beta barrel d) its dominant motif is helix-turn-helix The reagent used to break disulfide bonds is: a) urea b) beta-mercaptoethanol c) guanidine hydrochloride d) phosphorus pentachlorideFor a protein that binds multiple ligands with negative cooperativity, which of the following is true? Each ligand bound increases the dissociation constant for subsequent ligands. Ligands cannot bind to the protein. The dissociation constant is not affected by binding of other ligands. Each ligand bound decreases the dissociation constant for subsequent ligands.Certain antibodies have been shown to bind only to the folded structure oftheir target protein ligand; yet others will bind to both the folded and denatured states of the same protein ligand. Explain this observation.