In the two-phase commit protocol, describe what happens if a subordi- (a) nate receives a PREPARE message, replies with a YES vote, crashes, and restarts.
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- In the two-phase commit protocol, what happens if the coordinator sends PREPARE messages and crashes before receiving any votes? 1. What is the sequence of operations at the coordinator after it recovers? 2. What is the sequence of operations at a subordinate that received the message and replied to it before the coordinator crashed? 3. What is the sequence of operations at a subordinate that did not receive the message before the coordinator crashed.Https is a protocol used to secure websites from being tampered with by other parties without proper authorization. it bridges the gap between sender and receiver.Using protocols like secure socket layer/TLS, HTTPS encrypts data sent over the internet, making it unreadable to anybody who shouldn't have it.This prevents a "man in the middle" assault on the system.Such assaults intercept messages before they reach their intended recipient.It then transmits the revised information to the user.It guarantees the server's authenticity, too.Check the given schedule for serializability: T1 T2 T3 T4 R(X) W(X) Commit W(X) Commit W(Y) R(Z) Commit R(X) R(Y) Commit All the methods for checking the serializability should be discussed with well drawn schedules and diagrams, if any.
- - Consider another carelessly written Web application, which uses a servlet that checks if there was an active session, but does not check if the user is authorized to access that page, instead depending on the fact that a link to the page is shown only to authorized users. What is the risk with this scheme? (There was a real instance where applicants to a college admissions site could, after logging into the Web site, exploit this loophole and view information they were not authorized to see; the unauthorized access was however detected, and those who accessed the information were punished by being denied admission.)Q3. Check the given schedule for serializability: T1 T2 T3 T4 R(X) W(X) Commit W(X) Commit W(Y) R(Z) Commit R(X) R(Y) Commit All the methods for checking the serializability should be discussed with well drawn schedules and diagrams, if any. (10 Marks)In the BitTorrent P2P file distribution protocol, the seed breaks the file into blocks, and the peers redistribute the blocks to each other. Without any protection, an attacker can easily wreak havoc in a torrent by masquerading as a benevolent peer and sending bogus blocks to a small subset of peers in the torrent. These unsuspecting peers then redistribute the bogus blocks to other peers, which in turn redistribute the bogus blocks to even more peers. Thus, it is critical for BitTorrent to have a mechanism that allows a peer to verify the integrity of a block, so that it doesn’t redistribute bogus blocks. Assume that when a peer joins a torrent, it initially gets a .torrent file from a fully trusted source. Describe a simple scheme that allows peers to verify the integrity of blocks.
- As discussed in Exercise 18.15, snapshot isolation can be implemented usinga form of timestamp validation. However, unlike the multiversion timestamporderingscheme, which guarantees serializability, snapshot isolation does notguarantee serializability. Explain the key difference between the protocols thatresults in this difference.Describe in detail the two-phase commit method.One of the problems with the Internet email system is that sending forged emails is relatively straightforward, i.e., it is easy to send an email with a fake sender/from address. One solution to this problem would be for a domain’s mail servers to digitally sign any email originating from the domain. For this to be useful, the public key would need to be made available to clients to validate the signatures. It is proposed that the public keys of the mail servers will be verified and signed by a certification authority (same as SSL/TLS certificates) and distributed via a standardised URL for the domain, e.g., https://mybusiness.com/email.pubkey. (a) Explain how the client would obtain the public key and validate the email server’s digital signatures. (b) Discuss the problem of trusting the obtained public key and how this solution results in public keys that can/cannot be trusted. (c) Indicate whether you believe this approach could be used to prevent forged emails and explain why it…
- A multithreaded web server wishes to keep track of the number of requests it services (known as hits). Consider the two following strategies to prevent a race condition on the variable hits. The first strategy is to use a basic mutex lock when updating hits: int hits; mutex_lock hit_lock; hit_lock.acquire(); hits++; hit_lock.release(); A second strategy is to use an atomic integer: atomic_t hits; atomic_inc(&hits); Explain which of these two strategies is more efficient and why?Public Key Authority is one such instance. The Public Key Authority must prepare a request for B's public key before delivering a message to A (E(PRauth[PUB || Request || Time1]). It is debated if the letter A should be used to decipher the message.Public Key Authority is one such instance. The Public Key Authority must prepare a request for B's public key before delivering a message to A (E(PRauth[PUB || Request || Time 1]). It is debated if the letter A should be used to decipher the message.