6.) list at least 2 management practices which will increase soil organic matter7.) for each that you have listed in question 6 briefly describe what is happening that causes the increase Use the pictures to answer the question to the best of your ability Earth SUPPLEMENTAL EXERCISES - ESCI 103L - Cuyahoga Community College■ Minimizing erosion, which helps to maintain the content of SOM. Most SOM is in the upper part ofthe soil; thus, the content is reduced when the soil erodes.nibba■ Properly fertilizing according to results of soil tests. Proper fertilization encourages the growth ofplants. Root and top growth can help to increase or maintain the content of SOM, even if much of thetop growth is removed.Using perennial forage plants to provide for annual dieback and regrowth of perennial grasses.The fibrous root systems of perennial grasses are particularly effective as a binding agent in soilaggregation. The extensive root systems and biomass of perennial forage plants also contributeorganic matter to the soil. gill senos noludhleib allem oinago logUnsinoo olemRelationship of Soil Organic Matter to Soil Functions Under average conditions in temperateregions, approximately 1.5 percent of SOM mineralizes annually (2 percent for spring- planted rowcrops, 1 percent for small grain, and 0.5 percent for perennial grass; Ray Ward, 2012) and thecontent of SOM can be maintained at current levels in soils that have 2 to 5 percent SOM (Doran,2012). Mineralization rates and loss of SOM can increase dramatically under certain temperature,aeration, and moisture conditions.Key soil functions for which SOM is needed include:■ Nutrient supply.-When SOM decomposes, nutrients are released and are available for plant use.Each percentage of SOM in the upper 6 inches (15.2 cm) of a medium textured soil (silt or loam witha bulk density of 1.2) releases about 10 to 20 pounds of nitrogen, 1 to 2 pounds of phosphorus, and0.4 to 0.8 pounds of sulfur per acre per year. SOM maintains a supply of many nutrients for plant uses(if the soil is not too acid), minimizes leaching of nutrients, and increases the availability of some upnutrients.■ Available water capacity.-Organic matter acts similarly to a sponge. It can absorb and hold asmuch as 90 percent of its weight in water. Organic matter also releases nearly all of its stored water outfor plant use. In contrast, clay holds high quantities of water but much of it is unavailable to plants.stemSoil aggregation.-Organic matter contributes to soil aggregation, which improves soil structure.bBetter soil structure increases the infiltration of water through the soil and improves the ability of thesoil to take in and hold water.s onegia evils to insipid a over eatspens ejdeErosion. Because SOM increases water infiltration and stabilizes soil aggregates, the risk oferosion is minimized."могSoil carbon retention.-Stabilized SOM sequesters atmospheric carbon. If continued SOM-enhancing management practices are used, the amount of CO2 released in the atmosphere is genminimized.1916 MOS to insincoEstimating the amount of organic material needed to increase SOM:The term steady state refers to the condition in which the amount of organic matter added from cropresidue, roots, and manure or other organic material equals the rate of decomposition. If the amountof organic matter added is less than the rate of decomposition, the content of SOM will decline.Conversely, if the amount of organic matter added is higher than the rate of decomposition, thecontent of SOM will increase.noleats to len erit bois noillaoqmedeballem16Edited from D. Steer, The Good Earth. Also created by K. Sasowsky (Sup. Ex.3, 7, 6a, parts of Sup. Ex. A&B, part, 24, 25, 38, Sup. Alt. Energy 1 and 2, Sup. Switchthe Energy Project Discussion Questions); copyrights retained by authors, 2021. 6. List at least 2 managemeEarth SUPPLEMENTAL EXERCISES - ESCI 103L - Cuyahoga Community CollegeSoils that support grass vegetation (prairie) commonly have at least twice as much organic matter aseashose that support forest vegetation. Both the top growth and roots of grass vegetation diesContinually each growing season, adding organic matter to the upper part of the soil. Soils thatsupport forest vegetation commonly have relatively low organic matter content as a result of thefollowing:be1. Trees produce a much smaller root mass per acre than do grasses.2. Trees do not die back and decompose annually. Much of the organic matter in a forest is tiedup in the wood of the trees and thus is not returned to the soil.asiq epsonated to 285moid tina ameteye fooFigure 2 is a general map of the soil organic matter distribution across the United States. The darkerthe area, the higher the organic matter content.nebriU anoltonu be of notis ainegro Hoe to quianodaleInsiq-pnhqeerit bae (SOS00) MO2 Insuaomeqmal nishon netMO2 to oinoobris eater noussin(SOS)euBau Jasiqios-benodibinoo enulalom one nollisesMorlofriw not anoitonul lloe ya102 nerWique InsituMOB to apsinected losceansles (S.1 toenablo so baduttua to abnung 8.0 of 5.0oils igure 2.-Soil organic matter content (from the SSURGO database [USDA, NRCS]).blas oot ton al lloa erit)aleitunSoil Organic Matter Management Under a given set of site conditions, SOM generally ishighest in areas where soil disturbance is minimized, biomass production is higher, and organic ummaterial is added to the soil. Plant residue that has a low C:N ratio (high nitrogen content) soldecomposes more quickly than residue with a high C:N ratio, and it does not increase the content ofSOM as quickly. Excessive tillage destroys soil aggregates, increasing the rate of decomposition ofSOM. Stable soil aggregates have a higher content of active organic matter with less rapid microbialdecomposition. Measures that increase soil moisture and temperature and optimize aerationaccelerate the decomposition of SOM.olebeManagement practices can either degrade or increase SOM. Some key practices that can help to erineincrease or maintain the content of SOM are:basUsing cropping systems that incorporate continuous no-till, cover crops, solid manure or otherorganic material, and diverse rotations that include high-residue crops and perennial legumes orgrasses.lshetem ingMinimizing or eliminating tillage that results in microbial activity, increasing the rate of organicmatter decomposition and the risk of erosion.15Edited from D. Steer, The Good Earth. Also created by K. Sasowsky (Sup. Ex.3, 7, 6a, parts of Sup. Ex. A&B, part, 24, 25, 38, Sup. Alt. Energy 1 and 2, Sup. Switchthe Energy Project Discussion Questions); copyrights retained by authors, 2021.

Question

6.) list at least 2 management practices which will increase soil organic matter7.) for each that you have listed in question 6 briefly describe what is happening that causes the increase Use the pictures to answer the question to the best of your ability Earth SUPPLEMENTAL EXERCISES - ESCI 103L - Cuyahoga Community College■ Minimizing erosion, which helps to maintain the content of SOM. Most SOM is in the upper part ofthe soil; thus, the content is reduced when the soil erodes.nibba■ Properly fertilizing according to results of soil tests. Proper fertilization encourages the growth ofplants. Root and top growth can help to increase or maintain the content of SOM, even if much of thetop growth is removed.Using perennial forage plants to provide for annual dieback and regrowth of perennial grasses.The fibrous root systems of perennial grasses are particularly effective as a binding agent in soilaggregation. The extensive root systems and biomass of perennial forage plants also contributeorganic matter to the soil. gill senos noludhleib allem oinago logUnsinoo olemRelationship of Soil Organic Matter to Soil Functions Under average conditions in temperateregions, approximately 1.5 percent of SOM mineralizes annually (2 percent for spring- planted rowcrops, 1 percent for small grain, and 0.5 percent for perennial grass; Ray Ward, 2012) and thecontent of SOM can be maintained at current levels in soils that have 2 to 5 percent SOM (Doran,2012). Mineralization rates and loss of SOM can increase dramatically under certain temperature,aeration, and moisture conditions.Key soil functions for which SOM is needed include:■ Nutrient supply.-When SOM decomposes, nutrients are released and are available for plant use.Each percentage of SOM in the upper 6 inches (15.2 cm) of a medium textured soil (silt or loam witha bulk density of 1.2) releases about 10 to 20 pounds of nitrogen, 1 to 2 pounds of phosphorus, and0.4 to 0.8 pounds of sulfur per acre per year. SOM maintains a supply of many nutrients for plant uses(if the soil is not too acid), minimizes leaching of nutrients, and increases the availability of some upnutrients.■ Available water capacity.-Organic matter acts similarly to a sponge. It can absorb and hold asmuch as 90 percent of its weight in water. Organic matter also releases nearly all of its stored water outfor plant use. In contrast, clay holds high quantities of water but much of it is unavailable to plants.stemSoil aggregation.-Organic matter contributes to soil aggregation, which improves soil structure.bBetter soil structure increases the infiltration of water through the soil and improves the ability of thesoil to take in and hold water.s onegia evils to insipid a over eatspens ejdeErosion. Because SOM increases water infiltration and stabilizes soil aggregates, the risk oferosion is minimized.&#34;могSoil carbon retention.-Stabilized SOM sequesters atmospheric carbon. If continued SOM-enhancing management practices are used, the amount of CO2 released in the atmosphere is genminimized.1916 MOS to insincoEstimating the amount of organic material needed to increase SOM:The term steady state refers to the condition in which the amount of organic matter added from cropresidue, roots, and manure or other organic material equals the rate of decomposition. If the amountof organic matter added is less than the rate of decomposition, the content of SOM will decline.Conversely, if the amount of organic matter added is higher than the rate of decomposition, thecontent of SOM will increase.noleats to len erit bois noillaoqmedeballem16Edited from D. Steer, The Good Earth. Also created by K. Sasowsky (Sup. Ex.3, 7, 6a, parts of Sup. Ex. A&B, part, 24, 25, 38, Sup. Alt. Energy 1 and 2, Sup. Switchthe Energy Project Discussion Questions); copyrights retained by authors, 2021. 6. List at least 2 managemeEarth SUPPLEMENTAL EXERCISES - ESCI 103L - Cuyahoga Community CollegeSoils that support grass vegetation (prairie) commonly have at least twice as much organic matter aseashose that support forest vegetation. Both the top growth and roots of grass vegetation diesContinually each growing season, adding organic matter to the upper part of the soil. Soils thatsupport forest vegetation commonly have relatively low organic matter content as a result of thefollowing:be1. Trees produce a much smaller root mass per acre than do grasses.2. Trees do not die back and decompose annually. Much of the organic matter in a forest is tiedup in the wood of the trees and thus is not returned to the soil.asiq epsonated to 285moid tina ameteye fooFigure 2 is a general map of the soil organic matter distribution across the United States. The darkerthe area, the higher the organic matter content.nebriU anoltonu be of notis ainegro Hoe to quianodaleInsiq-pnhqeerit bae (SOS00) MO2 Insuaomeqmal nishon netMO2 to oinoobris eater noussin(SOS)euBau Jasiqios-benodibinoo enulalom one nollisesMorlofriw not anoitonul lloe ya102 nerWique InsituMOB to apsinected losceansles (S.1 toenablo so baduttua to abnung 8.0 of 5.0oils igure 2.-Soil organic matter content (from the SSURGO database [USDA, NRCS]).blas oot ton al lloa erit)aleitunSoil Organic Matter Management Under a given set of site conditions, SOM generally ishighest in areas where soil disturbance is minimized, biomass production is higher, and organic ummaterial is added to the soil. Plant residue that has a low C:N ratio (high nitrogen content) soldecomposes more quickly than residue with a high C:N ratio, and it does not increase the content ofSOM as quickly. Excessive tillage destroys soil aggregates, increasing the rate of decomposition ofSOM. Stable soil aggregates have a higher content of active organic matter with less rapid microbialdecomposition. Measures that increase soil moisture and temperature and optimize aerationaccelerate the decomposition of SOM.olebeManagement practices can either degrade or increase SOM. Some key practices that can help to erineincrease or maintain the content of SOM are:basUsing cropping systems that incorporate continuous no-till, cover crops, solid manure or otherorganic material, and diverse rotations that include high-residue crops and perennial legumes orgrasses.lshetem ingMinimizing or eliminating tillage that results in microbial activity, increasing the rate of organicmatter decomposition and the risk of erosion.15Edited from D. Steer, The Good Earth. Also created by K. Sasowsky (Sup. Ex.3, 7, 6a, parts of Sup. Ex. A&B, part, 24, 25, 38, Sup. Alt. Energy 1 and 2, Sup. Switchthe Energy Project Discussion Questions); copyrights retained by authors, 2021.

Accepted Answer

Increasing soil organic matter is essential for maintaining soil fertility, improving soil…