Make a concept map with the following categories with an explanation of the relationships between each of the elements Left-Sided Heart Failure -Causes -Symptoms -How symptoms are related to preload, afterload, contractility, heart rate
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Make a concept map with the following categories with an explanation of the relationships between each of the elements
Left-Sided Heart Failure
-Causes
-Symptoms
-How symptoms are related to preload, afterload, contractility, heart rate
Step by step
Solved in 3 steps
- As a result of heart failure, compensatory mechanisms become activated and ultimately lead to further harmful consequences in the long term. Which of the following is NOT one such compensatory mechanism? O Baroreceptor-mediated activation of the sympathetic nervous system that leads to increased heart rate and contractility The activation of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) that leads to increased blood pressure increased cardiac preload A reduction in both heart rate and blood pressure O Myocardial hypertrophy resulting in the thickening of the ventricular wallDiagram electrical conduction of the heart and discuss each component (SA node, AV node, etc). How does this dictate the fluidity of heart contraction? Why does the SA always start the conduction? What is the inherent rate of depolarization of the SA node (this means that if the nervous system was shut off what would resting bpm be)? If it is damaged what happens to the electrical conduction system?Describe the conduction pathway of the heart, and discuss two examples of disease states where conduction is altered Provide examples provide steps
- The pressure in the aorta changes throughout the cardiac cycle. During systole, as the heart contracts, the outflux of blood into the aorta causes an increase in pressure, whereas during diastole the pressure decreases as the heart relaxes. A simple model for the aortic pressure waveform is given by the Windkessel effect described by the image below. In this model, the heart is considered a pressure generating pump which is directly connected to an elastic compartment (the aorta), which in turn is connected to a rigid set of peripheral vessels (the hose of the firefighter). 5 Pump Heart Air Windkessel Elastic arteries In order to find the aortic pressure waveform from the Windkessel model, a mass balance formulation around the aorta must be formulated. Coming into the aorta from the heart we have the flowrate Q(t). According to conservation of mass, this inflow rate Q(t) must be equal to the outflow rate into the peripheral vessels and the change in volume of the aorta. To find these…A class of drugs called beta-blockers are commonly prescribed to cardiac patients in order to reduce their heart rate. Beta-blockers slow heart rate by reducing the conduction of action potentials through the A-V (atrioventricular) node. The most likely effect on an ECG shorter R-R interval shorter Q-T interval longer P-R interval longer T waveIn the given table, three of the anatomical and physiological terms are similar or related; one does not belong with the other three. Choose the term that does NOT belong in each of the following groups. A B C D 1 Pulmonary Trunk Vena Cava Right Side of the Heart Left Side of the Heart 2 QRS Wave T Wave P Wave Electrical Activity of the Ventricles 3 AV Valves Closed AV Valves Opened Ventricular Systole Semilunar Valves Open 4 Tricuspid Valve Mitral Valve Bicuspid Valve Left AV Valve 5 Pulmonary Valve Umbilical Artery Pulmonary Vein Superior Vena Cava
- 1 poi Which of the following best describes diastole? The atria contract which force the atrioventricular valves to close The ventricles contract forcing blood to leave the heart and the atrioventricular valves close The ventricles relax and re-fill with blood and the atrioventricular valves open Both atria and ventricles contract at the same time and all valves are open What is NOT the function of hemoglobin in red blood cells? Delivers CO2 from the body cells Binds and delivers 02 to body cells Involved in blood clotting Involved in fighting off bacteria and viruses H IA 1 pointWhich of the following statements best describes the differences in the regulation of cardiac and skeletal muscle contraction? The amount of contractile force actively generated by muscle cells is increased by stretch in skeletal muscle and decreased by stretch in cardiac muscle. Cardiac muscle is stimulated by motor neurons and skeletal muscle by neurones from the autonomic nervous system. Skeletal muscle contractile force is augmented by increasing the firing frequency of action potentials whereas cardiac muscle contractile force is enhanced by noradrenaline increasing calcium influx through ion channels. Ryanodine receptors in skeletal muscle are opened by a mechanism that requires calcium influx whereas in cardiac muscle membrane depolarisation alone without calcium influx is sufficient to open ryanodine receptors.Increased functional demand on the heart produces increased size of the myocardium by: choose the correct option - fatty infiltration -increased amounts of fibrous connective tissue -hyperplasia -atherosclerosis -hypertrophy
- The following medications are used to treat an exacerbation of congestive heart failure. Each one of them is actually used to counteract mechanisms the body has naturally set in place in response to a drop in blood pressure and presumed drop in tissue perfusion. For each medication, explain its affect(s) on A, B, and C. If you feel it has no effect on a particular parameter, then say "no effect". Specifically for each: A) affect on TPR (total peripheral resistance) and how/why it changes it B) affect on cardiac output (contractility, heart rate, stroke volume) and how/why it changes it C) blood volume/pressure and how/why it changes it ACEIs (ACE inhibitors) Beta blockers Digoxin Nitrates (nitroglycerin, isosorbide) Diuretics like LasixUsing these terms: stroke volume, end systolic volume, end diastolic volume, resistance, venous return, mean arterial pressure, cardioacceleratory center, cardioinhibitory center, parasympathetic nervous system, sympathetic nervous system Explain how they will affect cardiac outputA person is known to suffer coronary arteriosclerosis and suddenly complaint of chest pain, the hospital diagnosis was acute myocardial infarction ---- 6 hours later he died of cardiac arrhythmia. What is the cause of death? What is the mechanism of death? What is the manner of death?