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Bacterial Morphology
The bacteria are prokaryotic organisms that are single-celled, and are found to exist as free-living and possess a microscopic size. The morphology is found to vary in the bacteria, where some of them are identified as individual organisms and the others are detected as colonies. The size and shape of the bacterial cell also represent its morphology.
Bacterial cell structure
Bacteria are single-celled, tiny creatures that may enter healthy tissues and grow rapidly. Bacteria are microscopic organisms that are tiny and unicellular. These are members of the prokaryote kingdom. They live in water, air, soil, and all-natural environments. They are used in industrial and therapeutic processes, and they support a wide range of plant and animal life. The first organism to appear on the planet. Bacteria-like creatures are the oldest known fossils. Bacteria can consume a wide range of organic and inorganic elements, and some may even survive in harsh conditions.
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- What does i mean to say that extension by DNA polymerase III proceeds 5' 3'? The 5' end of a DNA polymerase molecule attaches to the 3' end of primase. DNA polymerase adds nucleotides to a growing strand, moving in the 5'-3' direction. O DNA polymerase seals nicks as it moves along a DNA strand toward the 3' end. DNA polymerase can only synthesize DNA at the 5' end of an existing strand of DNA. O O 0During DNA replication, the function of RNA primers is to Group of answer choices serve as a binding site for DNA ligase separate the two strands of the double helix to open replication "bubbles" serve as starting points for DNA strand elongation by DNA polymerase in the 3' - 5' direction prevent new-separated strands of DNA from rejoining serve as starting points for DNA strand elongation in the 5' - 3' direction by DNA polymeraseMatch the enzymes involved in DNA replication with their function. Primase [ Choose ] [ Choose] Synthesizes short RNA segment to initiate new DNA strand Helicase Main enzyme that extends RNA primer by adding DNA nucleotides to it Stabilizes single-stranded DNA Relieves over-winding of DNA ahead of the replication fork Removes RNA primers preceding Okazaki fragment and replaces RNA nucleotides with DNA nucleotides Single-stranded binding proteins Unwinds DNA helix Synthesizes the ends of the linear chromosome Seals nicks between adjacent DNA segments DNA polymerase III [ Choose ] DNA polymerasel [ Choose ] DNA Ligase [ Choose ] Topoisomerase [ Choose ]
- DNA polymerases are processive, which means that they remain tightly associated with the template strand while moving rapidly and adding nucleotides to the growing daughter stand. Which piece of the replication machinery accounts for this characteristic? Helicase Sliding Clamp Single Stranded Binding Protein PrimaseDuring DNA replication, one of the new strands of DNA is synthesized continuously, while the other is synthesized as a number of separate fragments of DNA that are subsequently linked by DNA ligase. This is because O replication starts at many points on the chromosome RNA primers only anneal to one of the parental strands of DNA one of the parental strands is unwound slower than the other by helicase DNA polymerase III only synthesizes DNA in the 5' - 3' directionMatch the bold DNA repair response(s) to the triggering type of DNA damage. Homologous Recombination Mishmatch Repair Base Excision Repair Nucleotide Excision Repair Non-homologous End Joining Single-strand DNA breaks Removal of repair lesions such as photoproducts caused by UV including Thymine dimers Double-Strand Break repair mechanism which is an accurate repair mechanism without any introduction of insertions or deletions. It requires a sister chromatid as a template. This repair mechanism uses just DNA glycosylase to remove Uracil (no other enzymes or complexes are required) then DNA polymerase can use the template stand to add the complementary base where the Uracil has been removedInterstrand Crosslink Repair This repair mechanism is used to recognize and repair mis-incorporation of base that can arise during DNA replication. Removal and replacement of modifying bases such as Uracil, 8-hyroxyguanine and others. Double-strand Break that is termed as “Quick and Dirty” as it is…
- In DNA replication, the fundamental reason that Okasaki fragments are produced is that Group of answer choices DNA replication can proceed only in the 5’ to 3’ direction replication on the leading strand is slower than replication on the lagging strand DNA polymerase tends to slip while replicating the lagging strand DNA polymerase has to alternate between the leading and lagging strands during replication none of these are true.What enzyme is responsible for unzipping the DNA during replication? 5' 3' -Template Strands Replication Fork 3' 5' DNA polymerase Okazaki Fragments DNA Ligase Lagging Strand -Leading Strand 3' 5' 3' 5' DNA Helicase DNA Ligase DNA polyermase RNA Polymerase What enzyme is combining two DNA fragmontc togothor?Sometimes DNA polymerase makes a mistake, and the wrong nucleotide is added to the growing DNA strand. Withregard to pyrimidines and purines, two general types of mistakes are possible. The addition of an incorrectpyrimidine instead of the correct pyrimidine (e. g. adding cytosine where thymine should be added) is called atransition. If a pyrimidine is incorrectly added to the growing strand instead of purine (e.g. adding cytosine when anadenine should be added), this type of mistake is called a transversion. If a transition or transversion is not detected by DNA polymerase, a mutation is created the permanently changes the DNA sequence. Though both types of mutations are rare, transition mutations are more frequent than transversion mutations. What are at least three explanations as to why this is the case?
- The purpose of DNA gyrase in replication is: to relieve positive supercoiling induced by unwinding the DNA during replication. to induce tighter coiling in supercoils. to remove the RNA primers from the lagging strand at each Okazaki fragment to start unwinding and separate the DNA to initiate replication to provide energy to remove a diphosphate fragment from each nucleoside triphosphate.Which of the following statements about DNA replication is correct? Group of answer choices the leading strand is replicated continuously, while the lagging strand is replicated discontinuously on the leading strand, the new nucleotides are added only to the 5' end of the nucleotide chain on the lagging strand, the new nucleotides are added only to the 5' end of the nucleotide chain DNA polymerase works from 3'--> 5' onlyThe figure below depicts various elements of the eukaryotic replication machinery in action. Enter the name for the protein depicted by each box. Box A Box B Box C Box D Box E Box F DNA polymerase on lagging strand (just finishing an Okazaki fragment) F Maintains polymerase association with DNA Enzyme extends separation of DNA strands Synthesizes RNA fragments that hybridize to DNA Relaxes supercoiled DNA ahead of replication fork Maintains DNA is single stranded state Promotes binding of processivity factors to DNA Newly synthesized strand pocoar Leading-strand template A New Okazaki fragment RNA primer E Lagging-strand template DNA polymerase on leading strand B C D Saaragon - Next Okazaki fragment will start here Parental DNA helix