On clinical examination of54-year-old woman the tumor of adrenal cortex was revealed. The glucoselevel in blood was increased. What is the main cause of hyperglycemia in this case? For answer: a)indicatethe hormone, which is elevated in the blood of patient; b)discuss this hormone synthesis and themechanism of signal transduction in target tissues; c)describe the metabolic pathways can be stimulated by this hormone in liver.
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3.On clinical examination of54-year-old woman the tumor of adrenal cortex was revealed. The glucoselevel in blood was increased. What is the main cause of hyperglycemia in this case? For answer:
a)indicatethe hormone, which is elevated in the blood of patient;
b)discuss this hormone synthesis and themechanism of signal transduction in target tissues;
c)describe the
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- 1.20-year-old woman with diabetes mellitus was hospitalized with confused consciousness,fever,nausea,vomiting and fruity smelling breath. A urine sample was strongly positive for ketone bodies.Why would an insulin injection decrease her ketone body production? For the answer: a) indicatethe causes of diabetes mellitus:describe the scheme of signal transduction by insulin. b)compare the blood glucose levels in healthy patients and in patients with diabetes mellitus; c)explain why ketone bodies synthesis is activated in this patient: describe the schemes of ketone bodies synthesis and oxidation.1. In thyrotoxicosis (Basedow’s diisease) excessive secretion of thyroid thyroxine hormone is observed and it is often accompanied by the increase in body tem- perature. Explain the reason for the increase in body temperature in this disease. For this purpose:a) draw the scheme of the process that maintains the temperature of the body;b) name the mechanism of the thyroxine effect on this process;c) show how the rate of О2 absorption by mitochon- dria of the cells will change in thyrotoxicosis.II. A 45-ycar-old man complaincd of rapid weight loss, tachycardia, increased sweating, occasional clevated blood pressure and increased excitability. Additional screening revealed a tumor in the medulla of one of the adrenal glands. The paticnt was diagnosed with pheochromocytoma. a) draw a chart of the catecholamines synthesis in adrenal glands; b) name the hormone that has its synthesis increased in this discase, list its target organs, stimuli of synthesis and sceretion, target tissues and receptors; c) draw a chart of signal transduction of this hormone to adipocytes and the metabolic pathway of fat with increased rate in the Bpatient's adipocytes; c) list the physiological effects of this hormone and explain the causes of the discase symptoms.
- 3. Steroid hormone calcitriol activates an intake of dietary calcium, increasing the amount of Ca2 transport proteins in the gut cells. Explain the calcitriol mechanisms of action. For that: a) draw a general scheme of a signal transduction by steroid hormones and explain the process; b) name the molecules, which synthesis is activated by a hormone in the nucleus of a target cell; c) explain the function of these molecules in the cytoplasm of the target cell.7. A 45-year-old man was admitted to a hospital with complaints of depression, lack of appetite, general and muscular weakness. The examination revealed a parathyroid adenoma. The blood parathyroid hormone level was increased. What caused in the patient symptoms? For answer: a) indicate the chemical structure of parathyroid hormone, name the stimuli of its secretion, target organs; b) draw the scheme of hormonal signal transduction mechanism; e) describe the biological effects of parathyroid hormone excessive secretion and explain these symptoms development.8. Ketone bodies were found in the urine of the patient with diabetes mellitus. Explain the sequence of metabolic changes resulting in ketonuria. For that answer the question and do the following tasks: a) what are the ranges of ketone bodics in blood of the healthy pcople and the patients with diabetes mellitus? b) explain the main changes in hormonal regulation of patient with diabetes mellitus; c) explain why the level of free fatty acids in the blood is clevated; d) name the pathways of lipid metabolism which becomes more active in patients with diabetes mellitus; e) draw the scheme of ketone body synthesis and oxidation.
- 3. Tourists miscalculated food supplics and have been starving for 2 days before reaching a settlement. How has their fucl metabolism changed in this case? For answer: c) name the hormones that regulate the blood glucose levels during this period? d) draw a chart of the signal transduction of thesc hormones.Pancreatic beta cell dysfunction in type 2 diabetes is probably related in part to: a) Decreased advanced glycation end products b) Autoimmune destruction of the beta cells resulting in no insulin secretion c) Decreased beta cell mass d) Increased glucose-stimulated insulin secretionA client with Type 1 diabetes mellitus is admitted to the hospital in a semi-conscious state with fever, nausea, and vomiting. The urine sample was positive for ketone bodies. Which of the following statements regarding the client is correct? Question 80 options: a) Glucagon should be administered to stimulate glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis in the liver b) An injection of insulin will decrease ketone-body production c) The client should be started on a glucose infusion to help them regain consciousness d) The client's blood glucose level is well below 4.4 mmol/L
- 81. Shortly after surgical removal of the thyroid gland, a 48-year-old woman develops signs and symptoms of neuromuscular irritability, including tingling paresthesias. Gently tapping over the facial nerve in front of the ear results in reflex contraction of the facial muscles. The most likely cause of these findings is hypocalcemia due to injury to which of the following cells? A) Parathyroid oxyphil cells B) Parathyroid principal cells C) Thyroid follicular cells D) Thyroid parafollicular cellsA client with T2DM is admitted to the medical unit with pneumonia. The client’s oral antidiabetic medication has been discontinued and the patient is now receiving insulin for glucose control. Which of the following statements best explains the rationale for this change in medication? Question 73 options: a) Insulin administration will help prevent hypoglycemia during the illness b) Acute illnesses like pneumonia will cause increased insulin resistance c) Infection has compromised beta cell function so the client will need insulin from now on d) Stress-related conditions such as infections induce a hypermetabolic stateAntagonistic Hormone a) Describe how glucagon and insulin function to regulate blood sugar levels. b) Explain why they are considered to be antagonistic hormones.