Propose a reasonable pathway to degrade the following amino acid to core metabolic intermediates. Mechanisms are not required, but be sure to include relevant cofactors. Based on your pathway, would this amino acid be glucogenic, ketogenic, or both? *H3N. „NH3*
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- 1. Explain the reaction mechanism involved how glucogenic amino acids can yield either a pyruvic acid or an oxaloacetic acid. In what pathway will pyruvic or oxaloacetic acid be used and why is this pathway important? 2. Discuss the reaction mechanism involved how the -NH2 groups of amino acids are being metabolized. 3. Explain why gluconeogenesis under conditions of starvation or diabetes breaks down body proteins. Complete answer please. Thank you. |10. Glycogen, as the main storage form of glucosc, is an important energy reservoir. Describe the role of glycogen in providing the body with energy. To answer: a) write a scheme for glycogen mobilization, and oxidation of the end product to CO, and H,O; b) mark the reactions associated with ATP synthesis and ATP consumption in the scheme, calculate the oxidation energy yield of I mole of the final product resulting from glycogen breakdown; 1L An unconscious man with sions of alcobol poisonino was taken to the hosnital#7.Do Identify different types of organic reaction mechanism (SN1, SN2, etc.) and reaction types (Addition, elimination, etc ) in the following metabolic pathways. 1. Conversion of Pyruvate to Acetyl CoA 2. Citric acid cycle 3. Gluconeogenesis pathway (pyruvate to glucose).
- 6. In an experiment, students used liver tissuc samples to study the cthanol metabolism and the possibility of ethanol conversion into glucose. The ethanol introduction in the investigated medium didn't lead to glucose level increase. Why is it impossible to convert ethanol to glucose? For the answer: a) provide a scheme of gluconcogenesis, indicate the substrates of this process; b) write the reaction of ethanol oxidation in the liver; c) explain whether it is possible to use the metabolites of ethanol catabolism for the glucose synthesis.8. The enzyme thiolase catalyzes one step in the ß-oxidation of saturated fats. One portion of the mechanism for this reaction is shown below. Describe the catalytic mechanism at work. (Note: "SCOA" is shorthand for the compound Acetyl-CoA) RCOCH₂COSCoA + HSCOA → H3C₂OSC0A + RCOSCOA HN NH CH₂ NH CH₂ CH₂ FS Grease NH3 H-SCO A NH CH2 CH₂ NH3 S Co A CH₂ NH 1 3 H-SCO A H3C SCO A NH3 a h-SCOA R-C S Co A CH₂ CH₂ C H₂ 0=0 HN NH + NH3 H₂C HN CH₂ NH CH₂ CH₂ 2 S Co A CH₂ NH NH5. Match the features of metabolic pathways in Column A with the most appropriate statement in Column B. Column A Column B a. ketone bodies b. glucogenic amino acids c. acetyl CoA d. pyruvate e. UDP-glucose f. FADH2 g. β-oxidation h. oxidative deamination i. transamination j. chemiosmotic theory ___ catabolism of alanine and threonine to form pyruvate ___ provides activated glucosyl compound to form glycogen ___ a series of reactions that convert even numbered carbons of fatty acids to acetyl CoA ___ high energy compound that is formed from pyruvate derived from carbohydrates ___ the transfer of amino groups of glutamate to oxaloacetate to form α-ketoglutarate and aspartate ___ formation of acetoacetate from AcCoA following fatty acid oxidation ___ oxidized by CoQ to provide electrons for the electron transport chain ___ formed as a result of oxidation of glucose ___ formation of -ketoglutaric acid and NH4+ from glutamate in the presence of glutamate dehydrogenase ___ formation of…
- 5. There is reciprocal regulation of glycolytic and gluconeogenic reactions interconverting fructose-6-phosphate and fructose-1,6-bisphosphate. Which one of the following statements about this regulation is not correct? FGP A) Fructose-2,6-bisphosphate Fructose-2,6-bisphosphate activates phosphofructokinase-1. Gen inhibits fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase. reaction is exergonic. ATP F16BP BOLALA The fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase D) The phosphofructokinase-1 reaction is endergonic. This regulation allows control of the direction of net metabolite flow through the pathway.19. From the various reactions you have learned in catabolism of amino acids; list three reactions in which NH4 is used as substrate to yield different products, in other words, reactions that will reduce NH4 concentration in the cell.1. Describe the glucose oxidase's general enzymatic class (oxidoreductase, transferase, isomerase, hydrolase, ligase, or lyase), which types of cells express this enzyme, and what its role is within those cells and/or their surrounding tissues. 2. Describe glucose oxidase's substrate, the substrate’s biological relevance, and identify the main interaction that governs how the substrate binds (e.g. specific salt bridges, negative/positive patches, hydrophobic pockets) 3. Describe two different ways in which glucose oxidase is regulated. These mechanisms of regulation do not need tobe allosteric in nature, but they often are—for any allosteric regulatory mechanisms, indicate whether they arepositive/negative, homotropic/heterotropic, and whether they constitute an example of feedback inhibition
- 1. Select the INCORRECT statement about Glutamate dehydrogenase : a. Catalyzes the removal of NH4+ into glutamate b.Catalyzes the incorporation of NH*4 into a-ketoglutarate c. Catalyzes the removal of NH*4 from glutamate C d. Catalyzes the incorporation of NH'4 into a-keto acid6. The five steps involved in conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA are listed below. For each step, list the enzyme(s) that are involved. 1. Decarboxylate pyruvate 2. Reduction of lipoic acid 3. Transfer of acetyl group to coenzyme A 4. Reoxidation of lipoic acid 5. Reoxidation of FADH2 → FAD2. A 4-year-old girl was diagnosed with thiamine deficiency and the symptoms include tachycardia, vomiting, convulsions. Laboratory examinations reveal high levels of pyruvate, lactate and a-ketoglutarate. Explain which coenzyme is formed from vitamin B, and its role in oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate. For that: a) describe the structure of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDH) and the cofactors that it requires; b) discuss the symptoms which are connected with the thiamine deficiency and its effects on PDH and a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex; c) explain the changes in the levels of mentioned metabolites in the blood; d) name the deseribed discase,