Question 1 During a 30-minute period under clear skies, 2.0 x 10 J of total solar energy were incident upon Bunche Hall. Use this information on energy and time to complete the following tasks. Calculate the mean incident radiant flux over that 30-minute period. What are the units for the previous answer for Radiant Flux Kelvin Meters Microns J/s^2 J/s Watts W/m^2 Nanometers W/m Joules Fahrenheit Celsius
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- Let's stop ignoring the greenhouse effect and incorporate it into the previous problem in a very rough way. Assume the atmosphere is a single layer, a spherical shell around Earth, with an emissivity e 0.77 (chosen simply to give the light answer) at infrared wavelengths emitted by Earth and by the atmosphere. However, the atmosphere is transparent to the Sun's radiation (that is, assume the radiation is at visible wavelengths with no infrared), so the Sun's radiation leaches the surface. The greenhouse effect comes from the difference between the atmosphere transmission of visible light and its rather strong absorption of infrared. Note that the atmosphere's radius is not significantly different from Earth's, but since the atmosphere is a layer above Earth, it emits radiation both upward and downward, so it has twice Earth's area. There are three radiative energy transfers in this problem: solar radiation absorbed by Earth's surface; infrared radiation from the surface, which is absorbed by the atmosphere according to its emissivity; and infrared radiation from the atmosphere, half of which is absorbed by Earth and half of which goes out into space. Apply the method of the previous problem to get an equation for Earth 's surface and one for the atmosphere, and solve them for the two unknown temperatures, surface and atmosphere. a. In terms of Earth's radius, the constant , and the unknown temperature Ts of the surface, what is the power of the infrared radiation from the surface? b. What is the power of Earth 's radiation absorbed by the atmosphere? c. In terms of the unknown temperature Te of the atmosphere, what is the power radiated from the atmosphere? d. Write an equation that says the power of the radiation the atmosphere absorbs from Earth equals the of the radiation it emits. e. Half of the power radiated by the atmosphere hits Earth. Write an equation that says that the power Earth absorbs from the atmosphere and the Sun equals the power that it emits. f. Solve your two equations for the unknown temperature of Earth. For steps that make this model less crude, see for example (https://openstaxcollege.org/l/21paulgormlec) by Paul O'Gorrnan.The energy released from condensation in thunderstorms can be very large. Calculate the energy released into the atmosphere for a small storm of radius 1 km, assuming that 1.0 cm of rain is precipitated uniformly over this area.The goal in this problem is to find the growth of an ice layer as a function of time. Call the thickness of the ice layer L. (a) Derive an equation for dL/dt in terms of L , the temperature T above the ice, and the properties of ice (which can leave in symbolic form instead of substituting the numbers). (b) Solve this differential equation assuming that at t=0 , you have L=0 . If you have studied differential equations, you will know a technique for solving equations of this type: manipulate the equation to get dL/dt multiplied by a (very simple) function of L on one side, and integrate both sides with respect to time. Alternatively, you may be able to use your knowledge of the derivatives of various functions to guess the solution, which has a simple dependence on t. (c) Will the water eventually freeze to the bottom of the flask?
- A 1.28-kg sample of water at 10.0 is in a calorimeter. You drop a piece of steel with a mass of 0.385 kg at 215 into it. After the sizzling subsides, what is the final equilibrium temperature? (Make the reasonable assumptions that any steam produced condenses into liquid water during the process of equilibration and that the evaporation and condensation don't affect the outcome, as we'll see in the next section.)Iculate the coefficient of linear thermal expansion. Locate a table of linear thermal expansion ficients online or in your textbook and compare your experimental results to the accepted value using percent error. CALCULATIONS: 1. Calculate Δ-Thot-Trm Record the result in the Table 1. Use the Conversion Table at the end of this manual, or the one on the top of the expansion base, to convert your thermistor resistance measurements, Ryn and Rnot,into temperature measurements, Trm and Thot Record your results in the table. sing the equation AL = α 2, T, calculate α for copper, steel, and aluminum mrnfid=74 Τα(Experimental)x1051 Table 1 MaterialL R TR(m) LT R(hot) . T(Room)TT(hot)! ΔΤ (m) Ohm(2) (m)Ohm(2) c 15 666 112 8 3 15 3.1 53 10. Rod #1 2.76 x (o Rod #2 Rod #3 |.n5 | 66. I 18.3 | 8.29 | 35 | 88 Coefficient of Linear Expansion of: 3. 216x10' Rod #1 Rod #2 Rod #3- Table 2 Material | Composition | α(Theoretical)x105 | α(Experim Rod #1 | tin Rod #2 Rod #3 ental)x105 | Percent Difference %…An unknown material bar having length of 2.7m has 1m2 cross sectional area. One end is in contact with 373K and another end is 273K. Thermal conductivity of the material is 350W/mK. The total rate of heat flow is . .Joules/second. (Calculate up to one decimal point accuracy).
- An ice cube at a temperature of 0°C and a mass of 50.0 kg slid with an initial speed of 5.38 m.s-1.it stopps after 28.3 meters. How much ice melted due friction? Asuming that all heat released during friction is transfered to the ice cube. (The heat od dusion for ice at 0°C is 333 kJ/kg)Must give answer then also give answer in significant fig format 11. The coolest part of the sun is the region called the chromosphere, which is the region above the sun's apparent surface, or photosphere. At 1,100 km above the photosphere, the temperature of the chromosphere is about 3,500,K. What is this temperature in degrees Fahrenheit and degrees Celsius?.odSome amount of heat energy is removed from a 9cm X 22cm X 16cm block of ice to cool from 0°C to -12°C. (Hint: to find mass, use the relation between, density, mass and volume) Calculate the following: a) The mas of ice cube in grams (density of ice = 920 kg/m3). %3D b) The temperature difference in kelvin b) The energy removed from ice in calories - (specific heat of ice = 2093 J/kg°C)
- A-2.16. The heat capacity of air is much lower than the heat capacityof water and a relatively small amount of heat is sufficient to change its temperature. Is itone of the reasons why in deserts, despite the high temperature during the day, wit is bitter cold at night. Heat capacity of air in constant volume wroom temperature is approximately 21 J K-1 mol-1. How much heat is needed toIncrease the air temperature in a room of 5.5 mx 6.5 mx 3.0 m by 10 ° C? Howa 1.0 kW heater would have to be on for a long time to achieve this temperature change,if there was no heat lossThe Sun delivers radiant energy to Earth at a rate that averages approximately 1.3kW per square metre of the cross-sectional area of Earth. If we assume that all ofthis energy is absorbed by Earth (i.e., that Earth has an emissivity of one), at whatrate must Earth radiate energy if Earth’s temperature is to remain constant? Whatwould that constant temperature be? (Note: The actual temperature of Earth issomewhat higher due to the greenhouse effect of the atmosphere.)(a) Cherry-red embers in a fireplace are at 850ºC and have an exposed area of 0.200 m2 and an emissivity of 0.980. The surrounding room has a temperature of 18.0ºC . If 50% of the radiant energy enters the room, what is the net rate of radiant heat transfer in kilowatts? (b) Does your answer support the contention that most of the heat transferinto a room by a fireplace comes from infrared radiation?