QUESTION 1 Select the correct answer from the options below: Statement 1: Sensitivity analysis considers combined changes of two or more variables at the same time. Statement 2: Scenario analysis considers the probabilities of each case in the analysis process. Statement 1 is false but statement 2 is true Statements 1 and 2 are both true O Statement 1 is true but statement 2 is false Statements 1 and 2 are both false
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A: Introduction This topic related to risk analysis
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- Many decision problems have the following simplestructure. A decision maker has two possible decisions, 1 and 2. If decision 1 is made, a sure cost of c isincurred. If decision 2 is made, there are two possibleoutcomes, with costs c1 and c2 and probabilities p and1 2 p. We assume that c1 , c , c2. The idea is thatdecision 1, the riskless decision, has a moderate cost,whereas decision 2, the risky decision, has a low costc1 or a high cost c2.a. Calculate the expected cost from the riskydecision.b. List as many scenarios as you can think of thathave this structure. (Here’s an example to get youstarted. Think of insurance, where you pay a surepremium to avoid a large possible loss.) For eachof these scenarios, indicate whether you wouldbase your decision on EMV or on expected utilityOne investment option will give a guaranteed income of $100,000. An alternative option is risky - there is a 80%chance of earning $62,500 and 20% chance of earning $250,000. A risk-averse person will choose the guaranteed income of $100,000 over the risky option. True O False. If you examine the decision tree in Figure 9.12 (orany other decision trees from PrecisionTree), you willsee two numbers (in blue font) to the right of each endnode. The bottom number is the combined monetaryvalue from following the corresponding path throughthe tree. The top number is the probability that thispath will be followed, given that the best strategy isused. With this in mind, explain (1) how the positiveprobabilities following the end nodes are calculated,(2) why some of the probabilities following the endnodes are 0, and (3) why the sum of the probabilitiesfollowing the end nodes is necessarily 1.
- a. If the decision maker knows nothing about the probabilities of the fourstates of nature, what is the recommended decision using:i. the optimistic approachii. the conservative approachiii. the minimax regret approachiv. the Laplace method2 Consider the two investments listed below with possible outcomes and probabilities: INVESTMENT (in $1000) SAFE RISKY INVESTMENT AMOUNTⓇ 40+ 40+ GOOD SCENARIO OUTCOME 45+ 80+ AVERAGE+ SCENARIO PROB OUTCOME 0.40* 0.40€ 42+ 45+ BAD+ SCENARIO PROB OUTCOME PROB 0.20 35+ 0.20 10+ 0.40€ 0.40+ b) a) Suppose I have utility function U(*) = (x)2. What is the expected utility from each investment? Which investment will I choose, if any? Show and explain your work and provide the intuition. c) What is the value of the risk premium for the SAFE investment? Show and explain your work and provide the intuition. d) What is the value of the risk premium for the RISKY investment? Show and explain your work and provide the intuition.< +A lottery system has balls numbered 1 to 65 and randomly selects 6 of the lottery balls. There is only one prize of $ 10,000,000.00 which is awarded only it a lottery player selects the correct set of 6 lottery balls. a) If a lottery ticket costs $ 5.00, what is a lottery player's expected value? b) How much would the lottery prize have to be worth if it was to be a fair game? (Note: Include dollar signs in your answer)
- When playing roulette at a casino, a gambler is trying to decide whether to bet $10 on the number 30 or to bet $10 that the outcome is any one of the three possibilities 00, 0, or 1. 3 The gambler knows that the expected value of the $10 bet for a single number is - 53¢. For the $10 bet that the outcome is 00, 0, or 1, there is a probability of 38 of making a net profit of $30 and a probability of losing $10. 35 38 a. Find the expected value for the $10 bet that the outcome is 00, 0, or 1. b. Which bet is better: a $10 bet on the number 30 or a $10 bet that the outcome is any one of the numbers 00, 0, or 1? Why? a. The expected value is $. (Round to the nearest cent as needed.) b. Since the expected value of the bet on the number 30 is C than the expected value for the bet that the outcome is 00, 0, or 1, the bet on is better.Question 2An investor is to purchase one of three types of real estate, as illustrated inFigure below. The investor must decide among an apartment building, anoffice building, and a warehouse. The future states of nature that willdetermine how much profit the investor will make are good economicconditions and poor economic conditions. The profits that will result fromeach decision in the event of each state of nature are shown in Table below: Assume that it is now possible to estimate a probability of 0.60 that goodeconomic conditions will exist and a probability of .40 that poor economicconditions will exist. a) Determine the best decision by using expected opportunity loss. b) Develop a decision tree, with expected values at the probability nodes. c) Compute the expected value of perfect information.Determine whether or not to stock a large supply of steel. There is uncertainty in the price of steel. Based on past history the following data are available Price (future) Prob (Price) PW if stocked PW if not stocked High 0.3 100000 0 Medium 0.5 -10000 0 Low 0.2 -50000 0 What is the probability that stocking steel will result in a negative present worth (PW)?
- Suppose that the buyers do not know the quality of any particular bicycle for sale, but the sellers do knowthe quality of the bike they sell. The price at which a bike is traded is determined by demand and supply.Each buyer wants at most one bicycle.(ii) Assuming that each buyer purchases a bike only if its expected quality is higher than the price,and each seller is willing to sell their bike only if the price exceeds their valuation, what is theequilibrium outcome in this market?Tasha is planning to invest in a farming project in 2022, but has a reservation given the different forecast (declined (D),the average (A) and takeoff (T)of the economy. She uses the following to guide her decision making. (i) there is 25% chance she will invest if there is a forecast of declined (ii) there is a 75% chance she will invest if there is a forecast of average growth and (iii) there is a 55% chance of investing if there is a forecast that economy will takeoff. Tashanna believes that for 2022 there is a 20% chance of decline and a 40% chance of average growth and a 40% chance the economy will take off. Based on these probabilities what is the chance that Tattiana will invest in the farming project if the stated forecast hold?Please no written by hand and no emage Suppose a company can select among two decisions (d1 and d2) and face three states of nature (s1, s2 and s3) with the following payoff table: Decision s1 s2 s3 d1 150 200 200 d2 50 200 500 The probabilities of s1, s2, and s3 are unknown. Using the optimistic approach, what is the optimal decision and what is the value of the payoff? Place the optimal decision in the first answer box and the maximum payoff used to arrive at this decision in the second.