Cell membranes can maintain a difference in electrical charge between the inte- rior of the cell and the extracellular fluid. What is this charge difference called? A. excitability B. the membrane potential C. the action potential D. the sodium-potassium pump
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- When the membrane is at rest, what are the forces acting on potassium ions?A. Both the concentration gradient and the electrical gradient tend to move potassium ions into the cell.B. Both the concentration gradient and the electrical gradient tend to move potassium ions out of the cell.C. The concentration gradient tends to move potassium ions into the cell, and the electrical gradient tends to move them out of the cell.D. The concentration gradient tends to move potassium ions out of the cell, and the electrical gradient tends to move them into the cell.When the membrane is at rest, what are the forces acting on sodium ions?A. Both the concentration gradient and the electrical gradient tend to move sodium ions into the cell.B. Both the concentration gradient and the electrical gradient tend to move sodium ions out of the cell.C. The concentration gradient tends to move sodium ions into the cell, and the electrical gradient tends to move them out of the cell.D. The concentration gradient tends to move sodium ions out of the cell, and the electrical gradient tends to move them into the cell.At rest, a neuron has a lower concentration of sodium than the surrounding fluid. When a neuron sends a signal, it opens sodium channels. What happens to the sodium when the sodium channels open? O A. The sodium diffuses out of the cellI. B. The sodium is pumped into the cell. O C. The sodium is pumped out of the cell. D. The sodium diffuses into the cell. rered MacBook Air 吕口 F3 F1 F2 O00 F4 F5 F6 F7 F8 % & * 2 5 6 8 %244 2# 3
- Distribution of which ions can express the state of equilibrium? Select one: a. Na ions on both sides of membrane O b. Cl ions on both sides of membrane c. K ions on both sides of membrane d. Ca ions on both sides of membraneA cell biologist is performing an experiment using the voltage clamp method in which they are allowed to change the voltage in the membrane potential. They are wanting to record potassium currents and notice that for a certain membrane potential range, the voltage clamp highlights that there is an inward current of potassium. Would these readings make sense?What do neurons use to expel sodium into the extracellular space in order to maintain a strong gradient across the membrane? O a. Voltage-gated sodium channels O b. Voltage-gated potassium channels O c. AMPA receptors o d. Sodium/potassium pumps O e. Neurotransmitter transporters O f. Axoplasmic transport
- How do potassium ions travel as they move into the cell?A.Up the concentration gradient and up the membrane potentialB.Down the concentration gradient and up the membrane potentialC.Up the concentration gradient and down the membrane potentialD.Down the concentration gradient and down the membrane potential Ans: CPlasma membrane of neurons has various kinds of channels. Give your viewpoint why nature provided these to human beings?The diagram below indicates different ion concentrations from the inside to the outside of a neuron while the neuron is at rest. A. Use the different colour to indicate the sodium ions, potassium ions, sodium ion channels, and potassium ion channels. B. Also indicate the charge inside and outside the neuron. Your answer NUNUNU extracellular fluid cytoplasm
- What is the combination of an electrical gradient and aconcentration gradient called?a. potential gradientb. electrical potentialc. concentration potentiald. electrochemical gradienThe most important diffusible ion in the establishment of the membrane potential is a. K+. b. Na+. c. Ca2+. d. Cl−.Which properties are characteristic of ion channels?a. They are usually lipids.b. They exist on one side of the plasma membrane, usually the intracellular side.c. They can open and close depending on the presence of any of three types of “gates.”d. They permit movement of ions against electrochemical gradients.e. They mediate facilitated diffusion.