Suppose the average solar energy incident on the green canopy (leaves) of a tree were 108 J per day. The calorific value of the wood obtained from this tree is 15 kJg. If the tree could convert 1% of incident solar energy as wood, how many days will it take to produce 10 kg of wood?
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- Many decisions are made on the basis of the payback period: the time it will take through savings to equal the capital cost of an investment. Acceptable payback times depend upon the business or philosophy one has. For some industries, a payback period is as small as 2 yeas) Suppose you wish to install the extra insulation in the preceding problem. If energy cost $1.00 per million joules and the insulation was $4.00 per square meter, then calculate the simple payback time. Take the average T for the 120-day heating season to be 15.0 .(a) If the partial pressure of water vapor is 8.05 torr, what is the dew point? (760 torr = I atm 101, 325 Pa) (b) On a warn day when the air temperature is 35 and the dew point is 25 , what are the partial of the water in the air and the relative humidity?One easy way to reduce heating (and cooling) costs is to add extra insulation in the attic of a house. Suppose a single-story cubical house already had 15 cm of fiberglass insulation in the attic and in all the exterior surfaces. If you added an extra 8.0 cm of fiberglass to the attic, by what percentage would the heating cost of the house drop? Take the house to have dimensions 10 m by 15 m by 3.0 m. Ignore air infiltration and heat loss through windows and doors, and assume that the interior is uniformly at one temperature and the exterior is uniformly at another.
- For the human body, what is the rate of heat transfer by conduction through the body's tissue with the following conditions: the tissue thickness is 3.00 cm, the difference in temperature is 2.00 , and the skin area is 1.50 m2. How does this compare with the average heat transfer rate to the body resulting from an energy intake of about 2400 kcal per day? (No exercise is included.)(a) What is the rate of heat conduction through the 3.00-cm-thick fur of a large animal having a I .40-m surface area? Assume that the animal's skin temperature is 32.0 , that the air temperature is 5.00 , and that has the same thermal conductivity as air. (b) What food intake will the animal need in one day to replace this heat transfer?According to the USDA, an average, \moderately active" college student needs to eat 2500 calories per day. These \calories" are actually kilocalories, or kcal; and, we prefer to use Joules (J) in geophysics. The conversion is 1 kcal = 4187 J. The average geothermal heat ux is 60 mW/m2. How large an area on Earth's surface releases the same amount of energy in one day as used by the average college student in a day?
- Compute the energy consumption in units of joules per year, gigawatts (GW), and watts per person as (a) fuel, (b) food, and (c) solar radiation for a country of population density 20 person/km2, an area of 1 million km2, and a fuel energy consumption rate of 250 GJ per person per year. Solar radiation reaching the ground is approximately 150 W/m2. The average person consumes food containing 2000 “calories” per day (1 calorie = 4182 J).On a hot dry day, evaporation from a lake has just enough heat transfer to balance the 1.00 kW/m2 of incoming heat from the Sun. How many kg of water evaporate in 1.25h from each squre meter of the lake, You assume the latent heat of vaporization for water here is Lv= 2414kJ/kg m?In a warm room a naked resting person has a skin temperature of 33k°if the room temperature is 29co,what is the body surface area if the rate of heart loss due to convection is 43 watt and the convection const.(7.1watt/m?. k°) 1.8 m2 1.6 m2 1.7 m2 1.5 m?
- Problem 1: (a) Large beds of rocks are used in some solar-heated homes to store heat. Assume that the specific heat of the rocks is 0.82 J/g-K. Calculate the quantity of heat absorbed by 50.0 kg of rocks if their temperature increases by 12.0 °C. (b) What temperature change would these rocks undergo if they emitted 450 kJ of heat?A person is standing outdoors in the shade where the temperature is 24oC. (a) What is the radiant energy absorbed per second by his head when it is covered with hair? The surface area of the hair (assumed to be flat) is 150 cm2 and its emissivity is 0.82. (b) What would be the radiant energy absorbed per second by the same person if he were bald and the emissivity of his head were 0.69?A watt is a measure of power (the rate of energy change) equalto 1 J/s. (a) Calculate the number of joules in a kilowatt-hour.(b) An adult person radiates heat to the surroundings atabout the same rate as a 100-watt electric incandescent lightbulb. What is the total amount of energy in kcal radiated tothe surroundings by an adult over a 24 h period?