The cell membranes of mammalian red blood cells are permeableto urea. If red blood cells are dropped into a solution of urea thatis identical in osmotic pressure (isosmotic) to the cytoplasm ofthe cells, although the cells do not swell and burst as quickly aswhen they are dropped simply into pure water, they eventuallyswell and burst. Explain. Also discuss how you would designa solution into which red cells could be placed without everswelling. (Hint: Think about whether urea will stay on theoutside of the cells and the implications for osmotic pressures.)

Q: Which statements are true? Explain why or why not.1 Transport by transporters can be either active…

A: 1. Transporters bind to specific molecules and undergo a change in their conformation, that helps in…

Q: Animal cells are enclosed in a cell membrane. According tothe fluid mosaic model, this membrane is…

A: The animal cell is enclosed by a bilipid layer, which acts as a semi-permeable membrane. This allows…

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A: Microscopic, single celled organisms which are found in every environment in millions are known as…

Q: Samuel is suffering from chronic renal failure, characterized by a gradualdecrease in his kidneys’…

A: Renal failure It is characterized by remarkable loss of function of kidney, where onset is sudden or…

Q: The average time it takes for a molecule to diffuse adistance of x cm is given byt = x2/2D where t…

A: Diffusion is the physiological process by which molecules (and ions) move from a region of higher…

Q: Vesicle transport occurs between the ER and the Golgi in bothdirections. Let’s suppose a researcher…

A: ER is endoplasmic reticulum and is mainly involved in the synthesis of proteins, lipids and some…

Q: The plasma membrane of all animal cells contain the Na+/K+ pump. If you consider the clathrin-coated…

A: The protein-coated vesicles function to transport protein molecules within the cell. The three types…

Q: Describe the difference between the rate of diffusion seen for sodium and urea. Select one: Urea…

A: Diffusion is the process of movement of substance from an higher concentration area to a lower…

Q: Here is a chloride cell in the gill epithelium of a fish. For reference, NKA = Na+/K+ ATPaseNKCC =…

A: The chloride cells are present in the gills of freshwater and seawater fishes. In the seawater fish,…

Q: in your own words, describe what would haooeb to the phospholipids f the plasma membrane in animals…

A: The plasma membrane, also known as the cell membrane, is the membrane that divides the inside of the…

Q: What are several other examples of ligands that canundergo receptor-mediated endocytosis?

A: Endocytosis is a type of active transport of substances.

Q: The osmolarity of physiological saline solution is 0.30 osmol/L. Assuming that the cell membrane is…

A: Solution will be hypotonic as the medium has less amount of solute as compared to the cell.

Q: You are studying the binding of proteins to thecytoplasmic face of cultured neuroblastoma cells…

A: Proteins are the building blocks of the body. All the life forms consist of proteins in their cell…

Q: Sugars are transported in symport with Na+. Na+ upon some time accumulates causing the need to…

A: Sugar transported in symport with Na+ : Glucose

Q: Topic:Excretion in animals Distinguish isotonic, hypotonic and hypertonic solution from one another…

A: Answer ::   Isotonic solution :- Both the solutions, in and out of the cell have same water and…

Q: Gout is caused by an error in metabolism that leads to abuildup of uric acid in body fluids, which…

A: Gout is caused by the deposition of sodium urate in the joints. Deposition of sodium urate will…

Q: Electronegativity is the ability for an atom or molecule to attract electrons (see chapter 2).…

A: The electron transport chain is a series of protein complexes that transfer electrons from electron…

Q: The osmolarity of plasma is maintained at about 300 mOsM.  What would the osmolarity inside a red…

A: Solute concentration is a solution that makes the solution hypertonic, hypotonic, or isotonic when…

Q: Hydrophobic molecules that dissipate osmotic gradients byinserting themselves into a membrane and…

A: Cell transport is the transfer of materials over cell membranes. Cell transport involves passive and…

Q: A. Is ATP required for this transport process to occur? Explain why or why not. B. Consider only…

A: Skeletal muscles cells:  The connective tissue layer that provides support and protection for the…

Q: Which of the following substances brought into cells by receptor mediatec endocytosis? O Na+ ion…

A: There are two types of cellular processes, endocytosis and Exocytosis for taking substances in or…

Q: The antifungal drug nystatin kills fungal cells in partthrough the formation of membrane pores that…

A: Nystatin is an antifungal medication which is used to treat Candida infections of the skin including…

Q: Some cells lining tubules in the kidneymaintain normal cell volume bysynthesizing organic solutes.…

A: Kidney is the excretory organ of the body which helps in excretion of the waste material from the…

Q: Cells of Escherichia coli transport lactose via lac permease,glucose via the phosphotransferase…

A: Transport of lactose into the cells of E. coll is administered by an easy transporter protein called…

Q: Ion transporters are “linked” together—not physi-cally, but as a consequence of their actions. For…

A: Introduction Our body contains different types of ions such as Sodium, Potassium, Calcium, Chloride,…

Q: Calculate the energy cost (free-energy change) of pumping Ca2+ from thecytosol, where its…

A: Introduction The free energy change  ΔG across the membrane, in transporting ion of charge Z at the…

Q: Hydrophobic polypeptides that dissipate osmotic gradients by inserting themselves into a membrane to…

A: Membrane transport proteins is a membrane protein which is involved in the movement of ions, small…

Q: List three mediator proteins that move phospholipid molecules from one side of a membrane to the…

A: Mediator proteins are the proteins that are required for the transport of molecules which cannot…

Q: Secreting the macromolecules by fusion of the vesicle with the plasma membrane is a process called-…

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Q: Our current experimental procedure works because Con A adheres strongly to the nitrocellulose…

A: The correct option is C A membrane-binding protein.

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A: The charges on the cell membrane are due to the transport of the respective type of ions via the…

Q: Mammals excrete most nitrogen atoms as urea. The ureacycle itself is costly, requiring considerable…

A: The urea cycle or ornithine cycle is a cycle of biochemical reactions that produces urea from…

Q: Below find the structures for ibogaine and cocaine. Ibogaine and cocaine inhibit the dopamine active…

A: A secondary active transport couples the uphill (against the concentration gradient) transport of a…

Q: Consider three groups of solutes: (i) steroid hormones, fatty acids,and other lipids; (ii) inorganic…

A: The function of cell membranes is to organize and protect cells. The outer plasma membrane of every…

Q: The normal osmolarity and glucose level of plasma are 300mmol/L and 1g/L, respectively. Estimate the…

A: Mw of glucose= 180 Molar concentration (C) = Mass conc. (g/l) / Mw = 1/ 180 = 0.005 mol/l (Normal…

Q: Even under isotonic conditions, there is a slow leakage of ions into animal cells. How does the…

A: Osmosis is biochemical process by which water moves from a less concentrated solution to more…

Q: difference between channels and transporters is that O Only channels allow for the passage of…

A: The cell membrane is a biological membrane that separates and protects the interior of all cells…

Q: A red blood cell has an internal salt concentration of ∼150 mM. The cell is placed in a beaker of…

A: Hypertonicity is the condition, where the solution has a greater amount of solute than inside.

Q: The following observations are made on an unknownmembrane protein, X. It can be extracted from…

A: The cell membrane of most organisms is composed of the lipid bilayer. The three major constituents…

Q: Both H+ and Ca2+ are ions that move through thecytosol. Why is the movement of H+ ions so much…

A: Hydrogen bonding is very important in different biological molecules. It is also present in a number…

Q: the sodium channel exchanger NCX transports sodium into and calcium out of cardiac muscle cells.…

A: Active Transport across a lipid bilayer takes place when we have to move an ion against its…

Q: . In some reactions, in which a protein molecule is binding to a specific site on DNA, a rate…

A: A protein is made up of precise sequence of amino acid that folds up into a three dimensional…

Nitrogen metabolism

Nitrogen metabolism is the synthesis, utilization or uptake, breakdown, and excretion of nitrogenous compounds in the body. The nitrogen metabolism encompasses nitrogen fixation, biosynthesis, and the breakdown of amino acids, purines, and pyrimidine. Since nitrogen-containing compounds are required for various life processes, nitrogen is an important element of life.