The function of the enzyme acyl CoA synthetase is O ATP-dependent activation of fatty acids using CoA ATP-dependent reduction prior to activation lipolysis to release free glyceraldehyde for UDP activation O isomerization of C=C in unsaturated fatty acids
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- Complete oxidation of a 16-carbon fatty acid can yield 129 molecules of ATP Study Figure 19.2 and determine how many ATP molecules would be generated if a 16-carbon fatly acid were metabolized solely by the TCA cycle, in the form of S acetyl-CoA molecules.The Reactions and Meehanisms of the Leloir Pathway Write the reactions that permit galactose to be utilized in glycolysis. Write a suitable mechanism, tor one of these reactions.The conversion of glucose-6-phosphate to fructose-6-phosphate in the glycolytic pathway (Choose all that apply) O positions a carbonyl group on carbon 2 of fructose-1-phosphate O positions an amino group NH2 on carbon 3 of fructose-1-phosphate O positions a carbonyl group on carbon 3 of fructose-1-phosphate O is an aldose-keto isomerization O positions a primary alcohol function at carbon C-1 that facilitates phosphorylation of fructose-6-phosphate O is a keto-aldose isomerization O positions an amino group NH2 on carbon 2 of fructose-1-phosphate
- Glycolysis After digestion of carbohydrates, glucose enters the cell membrane and into the cytoplasm, glycolysis takes place where glucose-6-phosphate (a 6C-molecule) is split into two 3C molecules of gly-3-P, producing 2 pyruvates. The two pyruvates are then converted to two acetyl-CoA and enter the mitochondria where the citric acid occurs. 1. What reactions are involved in the so called, energy-investing reactions? What chemical compound is needed to initiate the reaction? 2. Cite the steps in the glycolysis pathway where these energy-investing reactions occur. 3. The conversion from glu-6-P to fru-6-P involves isomerization, why? 4. What stages in the glycolysis pathway are considered energy harvesting reactions? What are the products of these reactions that will prove its energy yield? 5. The conversion from gly3-P to 1,3-diP uses NAD+ and a dehydrogenase enzyme. What is the role of NAD+? What reactions therefore are involved in these conversions? 6. The conversion…Glycolysis After digestion of carbohydrates, glucose enters the cell membrane and into the cytoplasm, glycolysis takes place where glucose-6-phosphate (a 6C-molecule) is split into two 3C molecules of gly-3-P, producing 2 pyruvates. The two pyruvates are then converted to two acetyl-CoA and enter the mitochondria where the citric acid occurs. 1.The conversion from glu-6-P to fru-6-P involves isomerization, why? Please answerFatty acid degradation stimulates the citric acid cyclethrough the activation of pyruvate carboxylase by acetylCoA. Why would the activation of pyruvate carboxylaseincrease energy generation from fatty acids?
- In the first cycle of fatty acid synthesis via the acyl carrier protein system, the acetyl group on fatty acid synthase condenses with the malonyl-ACP complex. Draw the structure of the products of this reaction. Respresent ACP by R1 do not include free synthase Be sure to include charges on atoms at Ph=7Palmitoleic acid, 16:1Δ⁹ hexadecaenoic acid, (16 carbon FA with one double bond )is an important fatty acid component of TAGs and cell membranes. Briefly explain the process of beta oxidation of this fatty acid and the number (only) of FADH, NADH and acetyl CoA outcome. What is the total ATP (only number) generated from this fatty acid after beta oxidation.Fatty acids are oxidized by acyl COA dehydrogenase. Branched fatty acids, containing a methyl group at beta carbons cannot be oxidized by this enzyme. How does the oxidation of such branched fatty acids take place? Explain with all set of reactions and enzymes involved.. give necessary detail.. avoid cpy righting
- Draw the product of the dehydration reaction of the B- hydroxyacyl-SACP catalyzed by B-hydroxyacyl-ACP dehydratase (DH) in the third elongation step of fatty acid synthesis. Provide the structure in the protonation state found in physiological conditions. OH B-hydroxyacyl-ACP dehydratase (DH) O Drawing SACP QFor beta-oxidation of an 18:1 oleate mono-unsaturated fatty acid: - How many Acetyl CoA produced? - How many NADH produced? - How many FADH2 produced? And explain why FADH2 and NADH are different; when they would be the same number in the beta-oxidation for saturated fatty acids.Draw the product of the reaction of acetyl CoA with CO2 catalyzed by acetyl CoA carboxylase in the first committed step of fatty acid synthesis. Provide the structure in the protonation state found in physiological conditions. Drawing SCOA Q acetyl-COA carboxylase biotin cofactor HCO3, ATP ADP, Pi, H*