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- Q5.4. If the frequency of the HbS allele is 0.6 in a population, what is the frequency of the HbA allele (assuming this is a two-allele system)?Thank youQ6.6. If gametes from a gene pool combine randomly to make only a small number of zygotes, the allele frequencies among the zygotes may be quite different than they are in the gene pool. Why? The effects of natural selection are more pronounced in small populations. Changes in allele frequencies over many generations are inevitable with sexual reproduction. Alleles combine more randomly with a small number of zygotes. The effects of sampling error are more pronounced with smaller samples.
- Q6.8. Imagine a population evolving by genetic drift, in which the frequency of allele K is 0.3. What is the probability that at some point in the future allele K will drift to a frequency of 1.0? Express your answer as a number between 0 and 1. (Hint: Remember the exercise you did in Section 3 - Size Matters, where you explored how the probability of fixation is dependent on an allele's initial frequency.)Q5. Which of the following is FALSE? If a genetic disease reduces fertility and the allele that causes the disease offers no other advantage, the allele will likely eventually disappear, due to natural selection. Natural selection does not favor individuals who are homozygous for the sickle-cell allele, because these individuals typically die before they are old enough to reproduce. Individuals who are heterozygous HbA/HbS are protected from malaria, and this is why sickle-cell anemia persists in wetter, mosquito-prone regions in Africa. O In regions where malaria does not occur, individuals who are heterozygous HbA/HbS have a selective advantage over those who are homozygous for the normal hemoglobin allele (HbA).In a population where the proportion of individuals who are suspects to malaria (genotype HbA/HbA) is 0.31, and the population is assumed to be at Hardy Weinberg equilibrium what proportion of the population should be heterozygous HbA/HbS?
- Q6.4. What is the effective size of a population? The size of a population with the same heterozygosity as the actual population, but which does not lose heterozygosity over time The size of an idealized, randomly mating population losing homozygosity at the same rate as the actual population The size of an idealized, randomly mating population losing heterozygosity at the same rate as the actual population The size of a randomly mating population with the same sex ratio as the actual populationQ6.9. A dwindling population of 1000 frogs occupies an isolated area in Costa Rica. To help preserve the species, scientists caught 20 frogs to start a new population in a nearby area. This species has a gene that affects eye shape. The 1000-member wild population has two alleles for this gene: R and r, with frequencies 0.7 and 0.3, respectively. What will be the allele frequencies of R and r in the 20-member founder population? The frequencies will be 0.7 for R and 0.3 for r. The frequencies will be 1.0 for R and 0 for r. The expected frequencies are 0.7 for R and 0.3 for r. The actual frequencies could be different. The founder populations's allele frequencies will necessarily be different than the source population's frequencies.Q7. Ten years later, the researchers return to Niijima Island and they notice that there are members of the same land snail species, but they have a pink shell. What are the two most likely explanations for this shell color new to Niiima? Choose the 2 best answers a. A random mutation in a snail that resulted in a pink shell. b. The bottleneck effect occurred among the snail population on Nijima c. Genetic Drift d. Disruptive selection over many generations e. Some snail eggs from a neighboring island that has pink snails were transported to Nijima on the feet of migratory ducks.
- Q6.4. You are studying a population of wild coyotes and notice that every three years there is an epidemic of a bacterial disease. Which of the following is the most likely explanation for this periodic cycling of the disease? New coyotes, which are susceptible to the disease, are continuously born into the population. Coyotes are dying from other causes over time. During an outbreak, the proportion of coyotes who are infected slowly falls as they recover. Coyotes from other opulations who have already been infected and recovered from the disease immigrate into the study population. SubmitQ5.3. A group of biologists is studying the competitive relationships among strains of bacteria that exist in the guts of fish. The researchers have constructed a competitive dominance hierarchy diagram for a particular set of conditions (shown below). Under these conditions, which bacterial strain is the LEAST competitively dominant? Strain P Strain G Strain P Strain T Strain Z Strain W Strain Z Strain T Strain GQ4.7. A large sunflower population is established in a field. The flowers mate randomly, and all individuals are equally likely to survive and reproduce. In this population, 60% of the alleles of a gene for petal color are dominant and 40% of the alleles are recessive. Given this information, after many generations, which of the following options would be most likely? The allele frequencies will be 100% dominant and 0% recessive. The allele frequencies will be 80% dominant and 20% recessive. The allele frequencies will be 60% dominant and 40% recessive. There is no way to predict what the allele frequencies will be.
