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- Liposomes have long been investigated as drug delivery mechanisms in humans and animals, but only recently have they started to be used clinically in targeted cancer therapies and now, vaccines. Liposomes are simply vesicles with a phospholipid bilayer that contain an inner aqueous compartment. Hydrophilic compounds could be carried in the buffer inside the liposome or hydrophobic drugs within the membrane itself. For instance, the Moderna and Pfizer mRNA vaccines actually use liposome technology to deliver the SARS-CoV-2 spike mRNA to human cells. The liposomes fuse with the plasma membrane allowing the contents of the liposome to enter the cytosol of cells. Of course, once the mRNA is in the cytosol is can be translated to protein on a ribosome. Explain why nucleic acid won’t get through the plasma membrane on its own. Discuss the energetic restrictions to movement through the membraneH "H H H HO Choose all of the following are true of the given structure? (Choose all of the correct answers)Activity B: Molecules in Motion Brownian movement occurs when particles in a solution move because they are being struck by other particles in a solution. This was first discovered by Dr. Robert Brown in 1827 when he was observing pollen grains in water under a microscope. To observe this ourselves, we will look at carmine particles suspended in water under a microscope. a Brownian Motion Wetch later Share Watch on DYoulube Which statement best describes the movement of the particles? O The particles are dashing through the field of view. The particles are slightly vibrating. The particles are traveling in large circle patterns. O The particles are not moving at all.
- Which of the following statements regarding hydrogen bonding is false? Hydrogen bonding occurs between the hydrogen o* and lone pair electron o orbitals There is a strong angle dependence of hydrogen bonding, with ideal angle of 180° The donor is a weak base and the acceptor is a weak acid Hydrogen bonding occurs between the hydrogen atom of an electronegative donor and a lone pair of electrons on an acceptor It is one of the most important non-covalent bonds in biochemistryTwo different membrane components are shown in the figure below. HO B A CH3 choline head group C glycerol backbone H3C D hydrocarbon tail CH3 CH3 CH3 B- C- D CH₂ 0 CH3 O CH3 C=O C=O CH-CH₂ What are the molecular modules indicated by the letters A-D? Select from the two options provided for each module. Asterol polar head group CH₂ CH₂ O CH3Plasmas can ‘polymerize’ saturated organic molecules. Plasma can fragment molecules to form ions, how could I fragment then join together multiple OXALIC ACID molecules to form ester bonds? please draw the MECHANISM for the plasma polymerization of oxalic acid.
- Feature Ceulose Collagen Fibrous Monomers joined by condensation reactions Monomers identical Branching a Describe the different berween hydrophobic and hyirophilic using phospholipid moleces as an exampleA group of BS Biology students were tasked to design and fabricate different synthetic cell membranes that could be used to simulate cellular activities of certain organisms. Below are the chemical structures of the compounds that are available to them: H2C-OH НС — ОН HO H2C-OH myristic acid glycerol НО alpha-linolenic acid HO-P-o OH orthophosphate HO NH2 sphingosine OH CH2OH NH3 CH2OH HO ethanolamine HO OH OH OH Но. lactose ("point of attachment) Given these compounds, help the students assemble the structure of the lipid constituent for the cell membrane appropriate to study the following. Briefly explain your answer. (Draw the structure) а. a thermophilic bacteria thriving in a hot spring b. a hepatocyte of a sea lion in the Arctic Ocean С. a frog neurocyteThe AT base pair has ______ hydrogen bonds while the CG base pair has ______ hydrogen bonds 2, 2 2, 3 3, 2 3, 3 Collagen formation needs Vitamin C to _____ proline to ________. reduce, pyrolidine carbaldehyde reduce, hydroxyproline oxidize, pyrolidine carbaldehyde oxidize, hydroxyproline
- Which of the following interactions will be most UNAFFECTED at very high salt concentration or at saturation? Hydrophobic interactions (clustering of hydrophobic groups away from water) and van der Waals interactions CH CH, H,C CH, H,C CH, CH Polypeptide backbone Hydrogen bond C-OH CH-S S CH, CH2 Disulfide bridge - CH,-CH,-CH,-CH, NH, -O C-CH, lonic bond CopyegPon Econ p g n Cun A. H-bond O B. Hydrophobic bond O C. Disulfide bridge D. lonic bond E. None of theseA phospholipid can be used to do all the following except O Increase the fluidity with the presence of unsaturated fatty acid tails. create a bi-layer membrane using amphipathic properties. form a micelle using a single layer and a hydrophobic core. O connect to a glycerol molecule to create a triacylglyceride.Information: Osmotic pressure is the pressure that a solvent exerts against a semipermeable membrane, such as a cell membrane. The higher the solute concentration, the lower the osmotic pressure. Red blood cells have an osmotic pressure equal to that of a 0.90% (m/v) solution of sodium chloride and 5.0% (m/v) solution of dextrose. A solution that has a higher concentration that this is called hypertonic; one with a lower concentration is called hypotonic. Osmotic pressure is an important factor affecting cells. Osmoregulation is the homeostasis mechanism of an organism to reach balance in osmotic pressure.Hypertonicity is the presence of a solution that causes cells to shrink.Hypotonicity is the presence of a solution that causes cells to swell.Isotonicity is the presence of a solution that produces no change in cell volume.When a biological cell is in a hypotonic environment, the cell interior accumulates water, water flows across the cell membrane into the cell, causing it to…