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Some help would be great with this, I didnt really understand it when the professor went over it.
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- Four electron carriers, a, b, c, and d, whose reduced and oxidized formscan be distinguished spectrophotometrically, are required for respirationin a bacterial electron transport system. In the presence of substrates andoxygen, three different inhibitors block respiration, yielding the patterns ofoxidation states shown below. What is the order of the carriers in the chainfrom substrates to O2, and where do the three inhibitors act?O and R indicate fully oxidized and fully reduced, respectively.A denitrifying bacterium is strictly anaerobic. However, it possesses an electron transport chain allowing « respiration ». The final acceptor is nitrate (NO3) that is reduced in nitrite (NO₂). The electrons are introduced in the chain by the reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide coenzyme (NADH + H*). 1- Write the net reaction of the electron transport chain used by the bacterium. 2- Calculate the corresponding standard Gibbs (free) energy of reaction. 3- Is the anaerobic respiration (using nitrate) more or less exergonic than the aerobic respiration (using O₂)? Justify your answer with numerical values.Certain bacteria can respire in anoxic environments using arsenic (V) as electron acceptor. The relevant unbalance half reactions are: H₂ AsO+H → H¸AsO +H₂O, logK = 10.84, AG = -14.5kca I m I ol-e CH₂O+H₂OH + CO2 (g), logK = 1.2, AG° = -1.63kca — ol-e 1) Balance the two half reactions 2) What is m the overall respiration reaction, standard free energy change \Delta GO 3) Is this process energetically more or less favorable than sulfate reduction? (\Delta GO for the reduction of sulfate to HS- is -5.78 kcal/mol - e-) 4) If [H2AsO4-] = [ H3ASO3] = 0.5 mM and pH = 7, estimate pe of the system
- About the process of industrial production of ethanol by the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, mark the correct alternatives: (a) the cells must be cultured in anaerobic conditions to activate the metabolic pathway of ethanol production (b). the presence of oxygen is required to allow regeneration of the NAD+ cofactor (c). good oxygenation of the medium is important to favor the formation of greater amounts of ATP (d).the production of ethanol is always accompanied by the formation of glycerol (e). the sugar present in the culture medium is completely oxidized to CO2 and waterA new oxygen transport protein that exhibits cooperative binding has been isolated and is beingstudied in the lab. Calculate the KD value if Y = 0.76 when pO2 = 18 torr (assume n = 2.5). Howdoes this compare to the KD value for hemoglobin? Does this protein bind more or less tightly tooxygen compared to hemoglobin?Both the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and the bacterium Zymomonas mobilis produce ethanol from glucose under anaerobic conditions without external electron acceptors. The yield of cell biomass from glucose is 150 mg/g for yeast and 75 mg/g for Z. mobilis. In both cases, the nitrogen source is ammonia (NH3) and both cellular compositions are represented by the formula CH1,8O0,5N0,2. (a) What is the yield of ethanol from glucose in both cases? (b) Based on the results of part (a), which microorganism seems most efficient for the production of industrial ethanol?
- a newly identified bacterium called Nomore biochem is unable to synthesize ubiquinone. A mobile electron carrier called CXC3 is used as a substitute. From the information provided in the table, calculate delta G' and Keq value at 298K for the redox reaction that occurs in the Nomore Biochem electron transport chain. (constants: R=8.3 J/degree x mol, F= 96.1 kJ/v x mol Half Reactions E' (V) ubiquinone + 2e- + 2H+--> Ubiquinol + H2 0.045 NAD+ + 2e- + 2H+ --> NADH + H+ -0.320 CXC3 + 2e- + 2H+ --> CXC3H2 -0.450 explain the impact that using CXC3 instead of ubiquinone will have on ATP production in the cell. How might the cell adapt to this situation?Discuss the relationship between redox potentials E0’ and the organization of the components of the electron transport chain. Be specific, i.e., use data/actual values to back up your discussion. a) What are the values of E0’ for all the components of the ETS? b)How are the E0’ related to ∆G values? c) How do the values of E0’ vary among the participants in the ETS relative to their position in the ETS?Using the ActiveModel for phosphofructokinase (Trypanosoma), describe the difference between the APO1, AP02, and holoenzyme conformations.
- The enzyme dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) normally resides in the cytosol, andDHFR can be imported into mitochondria by appending a mitochondrial signalsequence. However, when this modified DHFR is incubated with methotrexate, whichis a substrate analog that binds tightly to the active site, the modified DHFR is nolonger imported.a) Propose an explanation for why methotrexate prevents import of DHFR intomitochondria.b) Suppose that DHFR were modified instead by appending a nuclear localizationsignal. Would you expect methotrexate to prevent transport of this modified DHFRinto the nucleus? Why or why not?For the mitochondrial membrane described in pic, how many protons must be transported to provide enough free energy for the synthesis of 1 mol of ATP (assuming standard biochemical conditions)?We humans do not express an alpha-Galactosidase enzyme and therefore cannot break down stachyose but the bacteria that live in our large intestine can. These bacteria contain an alpha-Galactosidase enzyme that hydrolyzes the galactopyranosyl-alpha (1-6) glycosidic bonds. The bacteria then ferment the products to generate the gas that is famously associated with eating beans. Draw the Haworth projections of the products of alpha-Galactosidase catalyzed reaction. Name the products of this enzyme catalyzed reaction.