What 4 principal antibiotic resistance (ABR) mechanisms are there? Is there a fundamental difference or similarities between any of the mechanisms?
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Q: What is antibiotic resistance? Use your own words to explain
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Q: How antibiotic resistance happens?
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What 4 principal antibiotic resistance (ABR) mechanisms are there?
Is there a fundamental difference or similarities between any of the mechanisms?
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- The World Health Organization (WHO, 2017) haslisted six steps individualscan take to prevent and control the spread of antibiotic resistance. a.One of the recommendations is “Never demand antibiotics if your health worker says you don’t need them.”Explain why when you have a flu, your health care worker would say that you do not need antibiotics. What are the other five recommendations?What distinguishes resistance and tolerance to an infectious disease? How can each be measured? What was the relationship between the two that Raberg et al 2007 demonstrated in mice and what are the evolutionary implications of their findings?Why is antibiotic resistance a problem and how can antibiotic resistance be prevented? (List the 7 methods for preventing resistance.)
- Which of the following statement is false regarding the SARS-CoV-2 protease Mpro? a) Mpro catalyze the translation of viral RNA into polyproteins b) Mpro is an ideal drug target because its structure is largely conserved across the SARS-CoV family c) N3 is an irreversible inhibitor that block the substrate binding site of Mpro d) Mpro forms a dimeric structure and each protomer is composed of three domainsBefore development of a vaccine against this microbe, thedisease it caused accounted for two-thirds of bacterial meningi-tis cases during the first year of life but is still the number oneleading cause of mental retardation in patients who survive seri-ous disease due to permanent central nervous system disorders.What is the microorganism?(a) Haemophilus influenzae type B(b) Haemophilus influenzae type A(c) Neisseria meningitidis(d) Streptococcus pneumoniae(e) Listeria monocytogenes3) Would mRNA vaccines be as effective against bacteria as they are against viruses? Why or why not? Questions related to SARS-CoV-2 Inhibitor Science Article (Zhang et al.) 1) What is the function of the viral main protease? 2) What is the amino acid recognition sequence that is cleave by this main protease? Indicate where this protease cuts? 3) Would interfering with this protease effect other proteases in human cells? 4) How closely related are the amino acid sequences between SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV? What does this suggest about focusing research on inhibiting this enzyme?
- (c) Molnupiravir has not been approved but has been authorized for emergency use by the FDA under an EUA to treat mild to moderate COVID-19 infection. Briefly explain this decision made by FDA based on the knowledge of clinical trials. (d) Both drugs are not allowed to be prescribed to person under 18 years old due to insufficient clinical data. Why is it necessary to separately conduct clinical trials for a younger age group?Which antiretroviral drug class does Zidovudine (AZT) belong to? a) Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) b) Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) c) Protease inhibitors d) Integrase inhibitors(a) Resistance of HIV in two patients, followed over time Patient 1 Patient 2 Months of therapy Months 100 of therapy 20 16 11 11 50 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 Concentration of AZT (µM) 37. The graph above shows the resistance of HIV at various concentrations of the antiviral drug, AZT over time. The results illustrate that: a. Every patient reacts the same to HIV b. Some patients have greater resistance to HIV than others c. Resistance to HIV increases over time d. Over time, HIV can become resistant to therapy. Resistance (% relative viability in presence of AZT)
- Antibiotic resistance is promoted by overprescription of antibiotics. How do we stop this trend? What problems are involved? Is antibiotic resistance inevitable?Target: Antibiotic: Tetracyclive (TE) Antibiotic: _Ciprofloxacin (Cip) Target: Antibiotic: Penicillin (P) Target: Antibiotic: Trimethoprim sulfa Target: Antibiotic: Polymyxin B (PB) Target: Antibiotic: Steptomycin (5) Target:How do we combat antibiotic resistance? Give two ways.